Galectin-10 antibodies

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to antagonists, particularly antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, that bind to the protein galectin-10, particularly human galectin-10. The galectin-10 antagonists disrupt the crystallization of galectin-10 and are therefore useful in methods of preventing and treating diseases and conditions wherein the pathology is linked to the formation/presence of Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs).

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/194,950, filed on Mar. 8, 2021, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/382,997, filed on Apr. 12, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,066,473, which claims benefit of Great Britain Provisional Application No. 1806099.6, filed Apr. 13, 2018, and Great Britain Provisional Application No. 1901648.4, filed Feb. 6, 2019, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing in ST.26 XML (Name: 199010_SL.xml; size: 470,825 bytes; created on Jun. 6, 2023) is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antagonists, particularly antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, that bind to the protein galectin-10, particularly human galectin-10. The galectin-10 antagonists, particularly the antibodies and antigen binding fragments of the invention, disrupt the crystallization of galectin-10 and are therefore useful in methods of preventing and treating diseases and conditions wherein the pathology is linked to the formation/presence of Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs).

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) were first described in 1853 and are microscopic, colourless crystals found in patients with certain conditions including allergic asthma and parasitic infections. CLCs are frequently observed in human tissues and secretions associated with an eosinophilic inflammatory response. In addition to asthma and parasitic infections, these crystals have been found in patients with cancer, for example myeloid leukemia. Structurally, CLCs accumulate as extracellular hexagonal bipyramidal crystals with a length of 20-40 μm and a width of 2-4 μm. The protein forming these crystals has been identified as galectin-10.

Galectin-10 (also known as Charcot Leyden Crystal Protein) is a small (16.5 kDa), hydrophobic, glycan-binding protein expressed abundantly in the bone marrow, primarily by eosinophils (Chua et al. (2012) PLoS One. 7(8): e42549). Galectin-10 is also produced to a lesser extent by basophils and Foxp3-positive Tregs (Kubach et al. (2007) Blood 110(5): 1550-8). This protein is among the most abundant of eosinophil constituents, representing 7%-10% of total cellular protein. Galectin-10 is only found in humans, it lacks a secretion peptide signal and transmembrane domain, and is secreted under certain conditions by non-classical and novel apocrine mechanisms.

Despite abundant reports showing the appearance of CLCs in tissues from patients with eosinophilic disorders, the common view is that these crystals are merely a marker of eosinophil demise.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The in vivo function of galectin-10 and the significance of CLC formation have remained elusive, particularly because mice do not carry a LGALS10 gene encoding galectin-10. It is reported herein how galectin-10 crystals can induce a pro-inflammatory response in vivo and how this response can be suppressed by the administration of galectin-10 antibodies capable of disrupting galectin-10 crystallization. It is reported herein how galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments, including IgGs, VHH antibodies and Fabs, can prevent crystallization of galectin-10 and also dissolve pre-existing galectin-10 crystals. Importantly, galectin-10 antibodies were able to dissolve CLCs from patient mucus samples. Taken together, this demonstrates how agents that target galectin-10 crystallization can be used to treat conditions and disorders where the pathology is linked to the presence of CLCs.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides an antagonist that binds to galectin-10, wherein the antagonist binds to an epitope of galectin-10 and thereby shields a crystal packing interface of galectin-10. The antagonist preferably binds to human galectin-10. The present invention further provides an antagonist that binds to galectin-10, which, when bound to soluble galectin-10, inhibits the crystallization of galectin-10. The present invention further provides an antagonist that binds to galectin-10, which, when bound to crystalline galectin-10, promotes the dissolution of crystalline galectin-10.

In certain embodiments, the antagonists that bind to galectin-10 and thereby shield a crystal packing interface of galectin-10 inhibit crystallization of the galectin-10 when bound to soluble galectin-10. Alternatively or in addition, the galectin-10 antagonists, when bound to crystalline galectin-10, may promote dissolution of crystalline galectin-10.

The antagonists of the present invention preferably bind to human galectin-10. In certain embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising one or more amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces of galectin-10. Said epitope may comprise one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Ala12, Ser13, Thr16, Thr42, Glu43, Met44, Lys45, Asp49, Ile50, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Leu96, Pro97, Asp98, Lys99, GIn101, Met103, Gly106, GIn107, Ser108, Ser109, Tyr110, Thr111, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, Ala120, GIn125, Thr133, Lys134, Phe135, Asn136, Val137, Ser138, Tyr139, Leu140 and Lys141. The amino acid positions of galectin-10 are defined with reference to the human protein sequence identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 141.

In certain embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising Tyr69 or an epitope comprising an amino acid adjacent to Tyr69. In preferred embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising Tyr69. In a further preferred embodiment, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising Glu68, Tyr69 and Gly70, wherein the amino acid positions are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO: 141. In certain embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising the amino acids Thr42, Glu43, Lys45, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117 and Ala120. In certain embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising the amino acids Thr42, Glu43, Lys45, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, GLu119, Ala120 and Lys122. The epitope may additionally comprise Gln74 and/or Asp98.

In certain embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising Glu33, Gly59, Arg60 and Lys79. The epitope may additionally comprise Gln74, Gln75 and Glu77. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Leu31, Glu33, Gly59, Arg60, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Pro82 and Gln84. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Glu33, Gly59, Arg60, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Pro82 and Ser109. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Glu33, Gly59, Arg60, Trp72, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Pro82, Gln84 and Ser109. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Glu33, Gly59, Arg60, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Pro82, Phe83, Gln84. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consist of Thr42, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, Glu119 and Ala120. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Glu43, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Lys73, Asp98, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Lys117, Glu119 and Ala120. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Lys73, Gln74, Asp98, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Ile116 and Lys117. In certain embodiments, the epitope comprises or consists of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134 and Phe135. The amino acid positions of galectin-10 are defined with reference to the human protein sequence identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 141.

The galectin-10 antagonist may bind to an epitope consisting of amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces of galectin-10. In such embodiments, the epitope may consist of one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Ala12, Ser13, Thr16, Thr42, Glu43, Met44, Lys45, Asp49, Ile50, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Leu96, Pro97, Asp98, Lys99, GIn101, Met103, Gly106, Gln107, Ser108, Ser109, Tyr110, Thr111, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, Ala120, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, Phe135, Asn136, Val137, Ser138, Tyr139, Leu140 and Lys141. The amino acid positions of galectin-10 are defined with reference to the human protein sequence identified herein as SEQ ID NO: 141.

Alternatively or in addition, the antagonist may bind to an epitope comprising one or more amino acids from the dimerization interface of galectin-10. In such embodiments, the antagonist may bind to an epitope comprising one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Pro5, Pro7, Leu27, Ala28, Cys29, Leu31, Asn32, Glu33, Pro34, Tyr35, Gln37, His41, Glu46, Glu47, Gln55, Arg60, Arg61, Arg67, Trp72, Gln75, Trp127, Arg128 and Asp129.

In certain embodiments, the antagonist is a small molecule, an inhibitory polypeptide or an antibody mimetic. In preferred embodiments, the antagonist is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, as defined elsewhere herein. The antibody may be an immunoglobulin, preferably an immunoglobulin of the IgG class, more preferably IgG1. The antibody may be a VHH antibody. The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof may be a humanised or germlined variant of a non-human antibody, for example a camelid-derived antibody. The antibody or antigen binding fragment may comprise the CH1 domain, hinge region, CH2 domain and/or CH3 domain of a human IgG, preferably IgG1.

In certain embodiments, the antigen binding fragment is selected from the group consisting of: an antibody light chain variable domain (VL); an antibody heavy chain variable domain (VH); a single chain antibody (scFv); a F(ab′)2 fragment; a Fab fragment; an Fd fragment; an Fv fragment; a one-armed (monovalent) antibody; diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, or any antigen binding molecule formed by combination, assembly or conjugation of such antigen binding fragments. In preferred embodiments, the antigen binding fragment is a Fab.

The present invention provides, in further aspects, antibodies and antigen binding fragments that bind galectin-10. These antibodies may be defined exclusively with respect to their structural characteristics as described below. In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the complementarity determining region (CDR) sequences selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 58; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 57;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   (ii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 61; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 60;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 59;     -   (iii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 64; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 62;     -   (iv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 67; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   (v) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 70; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 69;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 68;     -   (vi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 18; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 17; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 72; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   (vii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 75; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 74;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 73;     -   (viii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 23; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 67; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   (ix) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 78; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 77;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   (x) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 28; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 27; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 26; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 67; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 79;     -   (xi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 30; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 81; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 80;     -   (xii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 33; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 32; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 84; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 83;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 82;     -   (xiii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 87; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   (xiv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 37; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 78; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 88;     -   (xv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 39; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 91; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 90;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   (xvi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 43; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 42; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 94; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 93;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 92;     -   (xvii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 97; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 96;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 95;     -   (xviii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 47; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 45; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 94; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 93;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   (xix) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 50; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 49; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 48; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 96; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 95;     -   (xx) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 52; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 51; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 98; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 97;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 80; and     -   (xxi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 53; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 81; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 93;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71.

In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a combination of a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL) selected from the following:

-   -   (i) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 100 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (ii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 102 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iv) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 106 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (v) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 108 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (vi) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 110 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (vii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 112 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (viii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 114 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (ix) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 116 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (x) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 118 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xi) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 120 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 122 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xiii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 124 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xiv) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 126 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xv) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 128 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xvi) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 130 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xvii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 132 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xviii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         133 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 134 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xix) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 136 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xx) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 138 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto; and     -   (xxi) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 139         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 140 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto.

For embodiments wherein the domains of the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are defined by a particular percentage sequence identity to a reference sequence, the VH and/or VL domains may retain identical CDR sequences to those present in the reference sequence such that the variation is present only within the framework regions.

In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 162; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 161; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 160; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 179; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         178; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 177;     -   (ii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 165; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 163; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 182; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         181; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180;     -   (iii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 168; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 167; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 166; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 185; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         184; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 183;     -   (iv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 171; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 170; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 169; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 187; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         186; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180;     -   (v) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 174; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 173; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 172; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 189; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         188; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180;     -   (vi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 176; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 175; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 163; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 192; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         191; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 190; and     -   (vii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 165; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 163; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 193; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         181; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180.

In certain embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a combination of a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL) selected from the following:

-   -   (i) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 195 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (ii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 197 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 198         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 199 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iv) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 201 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (v) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 203 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (vi) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 205 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto; and     -   (vii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 206         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 207 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto.

For embodiments wherein the domains of the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are defined by a particular percentage sequence identity to a reference sequence, the VH and/or VL domains may retain identical CDR sequences to those present in the reference sequence such that the variation is present only within the framework regions.

In certain embodiments, the antibody is a VHH antibody comprising CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 210; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 209; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 208;     -   (ii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 213; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 212; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 211;     -   (iii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 216; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 215; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 214;     -   (iv) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 219; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 218; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 217;     -   (v) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 222; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 221; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 220;     -   (vi) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 225; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 224; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 223;     -   (vii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 228; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 227; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 226;     -   (viii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 231; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 230; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 229;     -   (ix) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 234; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 233; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232;     -   (x) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 236; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 235; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 226;     -   (xi) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 238; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 237; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232;     -   (xii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 241; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 240; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 239;     -   (xiii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 236; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 235; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 226;     -   (xiv) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 244; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 243; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 242;     -   (xv) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 234; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 233; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232;     -   (xvi) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 247; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 246; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 245; and     -   (xvii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 249; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 248; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 217.

In certain embodiments, the antibody is a VHH antibody wherein the VHH domain comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 or 266, or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto.

For embodiments wherein the VHH domains are defined by a particular percentage sequence identity to a reference sequence, the VHH domain may retain identical CDR sequences to those present in the reference sequence such that the variation is present only within the framework regions.

The invention further provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds to the same epitope as the antibodies or antigen binding fragments defined herein with reference to specific SEQ ID NOs. Also provided are isolated polynucleotides encoding the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, including polynucleotides encoding the VH and/or VL domains of the antibodies and antigen binding fragments described herein. The invention further provides an expression vector comprising the afore-mentioned polynucleotides operably linked to regulatory sequences which permit expression of the antibody, antigen binding fragment, variable heavy chain domain or variable light chain domain in a host cell or cell-free expression system. Also provided are host cells or cell-free expression systems containing the afore-mentioned expression vectors.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antagonist in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, particularly an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

Further provided is an antagonist in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, particularly an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention for use as a medicament.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antagonist according to the first aspect of the invention, particularly an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the invention. The antagonist, antibody, antigen binding fragment or pharmaceutical composition may be administered to treat a disease or condition associated with the presence or formation of galectin-10 crystals. In certain embodiments, the disease or condition is selected from: asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; cystic fibrosis (CF); allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA); Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia. In preferred embodiments, the antagonists, antibodies, antigen binding fragments or pharmaceutical compositions are administered to treat asthma.

The present invention also provides use of an antagonist according to the first aspect of the invention, particularly an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, for the detection of galectin-10 in a sample obtained from a patient. The antagonist, antibody or antigen binding fragment is preferably used for the detection of crystalline galectin-10. The patient sample may be a sputum sample.

The invention also provides a kit comprising a galectin-10 antagonist in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, preferably a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and optionally instructions for use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1E: Production of recombinant Gal10 crystals resembling in vivo CLC crystals

His-tagged galectin-10 (Gal10) was expressed in E coli. (FIG. 1A) SDS PAGE of His-tagged Gall 0 before and after addition of TEV protease to remove the His-Tag. (FIG. 1B) Multi-angle laser scattering (MALLS) reveals a molecular mass of appr. 40 kDa, representing a dimeric form of His-tagged Gal10 in solution. (FIG. 1C) After cleavage by TEV protease, the protein solution spontaneously crystallizes into needle-shaped crystals. (FIG. 1D) Original drawing of Charcot (1853) describing the various shapes of crystals seen in the airways of asthmatics. (FIG. 1E) Snapshots of various forms of crystals taken form a fluorescently labeled batch of recombinant Gall 0 crystals. All macroscopic forms of crystals originally described by Charcot and von Leyden are found.

FIGS. 2A-2F: Isolation and crystal structure of in vivo grown CLC crystals of sinusitis patients

(FIG. 2A) Mucus samples were collected during surgery of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Polyp tissue is shown here. (FIG. 2B) Immunostaining for Gal10 shows copious amounts of crystalline material in the allergic sticky mucin. Similar mucus is also found in the airways of asthmatics and ABPA patients. (FIG. 2C) Ex vivo obtained crystal mounted for X-ray diffraction studies. (FIG. 2D) X-ray diffraction pattern of a patient-derived crystal. (FIG. 2E) Crystal structure of patient-derived CLC crystal reveals a dimeric nature. (FIG. 2F) comparison of the obtained ex vivo crystal structure to recombinantly-produced Gal10 crystals and published recrystallized CLC crystals obtained from a human eosinophil cell line (AML14.3D10) reveals complete similarity (root mean square of distance (RMSD) difference of 0.2 Angstrom), showing that the recombinant Gal10 crystals are biosimilar to CLCs.

FIGS. 3A-3F: Creation of crystallization resistant Gal10 muteins by detailed analysis of the crystal packing interface of Gal10 crystals

(FIG. 3A) and (FIG. 3B) are close-up views of various amino acids closely involved in the crystal packing interface between two adjacent Gal10 dimers. Highlighted amino acids were selected for a mutational analysis and creation of muteins. (FIG. 3C) Spontaneous crystallization experiment of wild-type and mutein Gal10 protein after removal of the His tag by TEV protease. The Tyr69Glu (Y96E) mutein was completely resistant to autocrystallization and was used throughout the disclosure as crystallization-resistant soluble Gal10 mutein. (FIG. 3D) X-ray structure of the Gal10 Tyr69Glu mutein. This structure was used to model the scattering profile in a small-angle X-ray scattering in solution (SAXS) experiment of Tyr69Glu mutein in solution. (FIG. 3E) The experimental data of the SAXS experiment overlap with the modeled data, essentially showing that the mutein forms a dimer in solution. (FIG. 3F) Overlap of the structures of wild type with Y69E Gal10 mutant based on the SAXS data.

FIGS. 4A-4C: Innate airway inflammation induced by Gal10 crystals

C57Bl/6 mice were injected intratracheally with Gal10 crystals, soluble Gal10mut or with control PBS. (FIG. 4A) Number of neutrophils (left panel) and monocytes (right panel) recovered from the lungs 6 and 24 hours after the treatment. (FIG. 4B) Levels of IL-6 (left panel) and TNFα (right panel) in the bronchoalveolar lavage 6 and 24 hours after the treatment. (FIG. 4C) Levels of IL-1β and CCL-2 in the lung 6 and 24 hours after the treatment. NS implies a p value >0.12; * implies a p value <0.033; ** implies a p value <0.002; *** implies a p value <0.0002; **** implies a p value <0.0001.

FIG. 5 : Innate inflammation induced by Gal10 crystals does not depend on the NLRP3 inflammasome

Nlrp3-deficient (left panel) and Caspase1/11-deficient mice (right panel) (deficient mice are referred to as −/−), and their wild type littermates (referred to as +/+) were injected intratracheally with Gal10 crystals or with control PBS. The number of neutrophils recovered from digested lungs of the different mouse strains was determined 6 and 24 hours after the treatment. NS implies a p value >0.12; * implies a p value <0.033; ** implies a p value <0.002; *** implies a p value <0.0002; **** implies a p value <0.0001.

FIG. 6 : Innate inflammation induced by Gal10 crystals does not depend on TLR4

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient and their wild type (WT) littermates were injected intratracheally with Gal10 crystals or with control PBS. The number of neutrophils recovered from digested lungs of the different mouse strains was determined 24 hours after the treatment. NS implies a p value >0.12; * implies a p value <0.033; ** implies a p value <0.002; *** implies a p value <0.0002; **** implies a p value <0.0001.

FIGS. 7A-7C: Gal10 crystals boost human asthma features in a humanized model of the disease

(FIG. 7A) Experimental setup illustrating the dosing regimen of house dust mite (HDM) extracts and the different forms of galectin-10. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were injected intraperitoneally. House dust mite (HDM) extracts, Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLC) and the mutated galectin-10 (Gal10^(mut)) were all administered intratracheally. (FIG. 7B) Number of human CD45⁺ leukocytes recovered from the left lungs of mice treated as described under (FIG. 7A). (FIG. 7C) Levels of human IgE measured in the serum of mice treated as described under (FIG. 7A).

FIGS. 8A-8B: Prevention of Gal10 autocrystallization in vitro by addition of Gal10 antibodies

(FIG. 8A) Gal10 was allowed to autocrystallize by removal of the HIS tag via TEV protease. This assay was performed in the presence of various Gal10-specific scFv-Fc antibody clones or irrelevant scFv-Fc antibodies, and crystal formation was observed in a crystallization robot. (FIG. 8B) overview of the activity of various scFv-Fc and IgG1 antibodies.

FIGS. 9A-9B: Time-lapse images of crystal dissolution by 4 clones of IgG1 antibodies

(FIG. 9A) To study if antibodies can also dissolve existing crystals, clones were added to in vitro grown Gal10 crystals, and observed using spinning disk confocal microscopy. The 4 clones all completely dissolved crystals within 90 minutes, whereas irrelevant isotype antibody did not. (FIG. 9B) Kinetic dissolution curve of crystals upon addition of crystal-dissolving antibodies. The total area of refractive crystalline material in the high power view of the spinning disk microscope was integrated and normalized to 1 prior to addition of the crystals.

FIGS. 10A-10F: Crystal structure of Fab fragments of crystal dissolving clones in complex with Gal10

(FIGS. 10A-10C) Crystals of a mixture of Fab fragments and recombinant Gal10 were formed using a crystallization robot, and subsequently analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The Gal10 crystal structure is depicted as a cartoon model (black). The Light Chain (LC) and Heavy Chain (HC) of the Fab fragments are shown in surface mode with the LC colored white and the HC colored dark grey. (FIGS. 10D-10F) The three clones from which co-crystallization structure could be obtained all target the crucial Tyr69 residue of Gal10.

FIG. 11 : Solubilization of CLC crystals in the mucus of CRSwNP patients by antibodies

Fresh sticky allergic mucin of CRSwNP patients was collected during routine sinus surgery and stored for 2 days prior to addition of crystal dissolving antibodies or isotype control. Crystals could be readily identified in the fresh mucus of patients due to their highly diffractive properties in a spinning disk confocal microscope. Upon addition of crystal dissolving antibodies, the crystals dissolved overnight.

FIGS. 12A-12F: Proof of concept that solubilizing Gal10 crystals in vivo reduce key features of asthma in a humanized mouse model

(FIG. 12A) Experimental setup illustrating the dosing regimen of house dust mite (HDM) extracts, galectin-10 crystals and of antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were injected intraperitoneally. House dust mite (HDM) extracts, galectin-10 crystals, 1D11 antibodies and control antibodies were all administered intratracheally. (FIG. 12B) Hematoxylin eosin staining of lung sections. (FIG. 12C) Levels of human IgE measured in the serum. (FIG. 12D) Mucin Muc5ac mRNA expression in lungs of mice treated as described under (FIG. 12A). (FIG. 12E) Investigator-blinded quantitative image analysis of number of inflammatory cells extending into a 500 μm perimeter region from the basement membrane, expressed per length of basement membrane. (FIG. 12F) Bronchoconstriction measured as dynamic airway resistance (Rrs) after inhalation of increasing concentrations of the bronchoconstrictor methacoline.

FIG. 13 : Screening of scFv periplasmic extracts by ELISA

The galectin-10 binding capacity of scFv periplasmic extracts was determined by binding ELISA as described herein. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm). For each periplasmic Master plate (PMP), a blank control and negative control (periplasmic extract binding to irrelevant target) were included. The raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01. A binder was defined as an scFv showed a binding capacity higher than 0.5 OD value on ELISA binding.

FIG. 14 : Screening of scFv periplasmic extracts using BLI technology

The galectin-10 binding capacity of selected scFv periplasmic extracts was analyzed on BLI technology by using an Octet Red96. A capture approach was used, where human and cynomolgus (WGS or REF isoforms) galectin-10-His were immobilized on anti-His1K biosensors before being incubated with diluted selected scFv periplasmic extracts. The off-rate of each scFv clone plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01.

FIG. 15 : Crystal dissolution by Gal10 IgG1 antibodies

To study if Gal10 antibodies can dissolve existing crystals, clones were added to in vitro grown recombinant human Gal10 crystals, and observed using spinning disk confocal microscopy. The 8 clones all completely dissolved crystals over the time-course studied, whereas irrelevant isotype antibody did not.

FIG. 16 : Crystal structure of Fab fragments of crystal dissolving clones in complex with Gal10

Crystals of a mixture of Fab-fragments and recombinant Gal10 were formed using a crystallization robot, and subsequently analyzed by X-ray diffraction.

FIG. 17 : Crystal dissolution by Gal10 IgG1 antibodies and Fab fragments

CLC dissolution experiments using pre-formed recombinant human CLCs were carried out over a time-course in the presence of Gal10 mAbs and Gal10 Fabs. The dissolution of crystals was observed using spinning disk confocal microscopy.

FIG. 18 : Screening of VHH periplasmic extracts by ELISA

The galectin-10 binding capacity of VHH periplasmic extracts was measured by binding ELISA as described herein. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm). For each periplasmic Master plate (PMP), a blank control and negative control (VHH periplasmic extract binding to irrelevant target) were included. The raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01.

FIG. 19 : Screening of VHH periplasmic extracts using BLI technology

The binding capacity of selected VHH periplasmic extracts was analysed on BLI technology by using an Octet Red96. For this purpose, a capture approach was used, where human and cynomolgus (WGS or YRT isoforms) galectin-10-His were immobilized on anti-His1K biosensors before being incubated with diluted selected VHH periplasmic extracts. The off-rate (1/s) and response (nm) of each VHH clone were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01.

FIG. 20 : Crystal dissolution by Gal10 VHH antibodies

CLC dissolution experiments using pre-formed recombinant human CLCs were carried out over a time-course in the presence of Gal10 VHH antibodies. The dissolution of crystals was observed using spinning disk confocal microscopy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one skilled in the art in the technical field of the invention.

“Antagonist”—As used herein, the term “antagonist” means any agent capable of binding to galectin-10 and shielding a crystal packing interface. By shielding or “obscuring” a crystal packing interface, the function of the antagonist is to disrupt crystallization of galectin-10 molecules. Antagonists in accordance with the present invention will typically bind specifically or “specifically bind” to galectin-10. The term “specifically bind” refers to the ability of an antagonist to preferentially bind to its target, in this case galectin-10. Agents capable of binding to protein targets, particularly agents capable of exhibiting binding specificity for a given protein target, are known to those skilled in the art. Such agents include but are not limited to small molecule inhibitors, biological molecules including inhibitory peptides, antibodies, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, and antibody mimetics such as affibodies, affilins, affitins, adnectins, atrimers, evasins, DARPins, anticalins, avimers, fynomers, versabodies and duocalins.

Preferred antagonists in accordance with the present invention are antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof.

“Antibody” or “Immunoglobulin”—As used herein, the term “immunoglobulin” includes a polypeptide having a combination of two heavy and two light chains whether or not it possesses any relevant specific immunoreactivity. “Antibodies” refer to such assemblies which have significant known specific immunoreactive activity to an antigen of interest (herein galectin-10). The term “galectin-10 antibodies” is used herein to refer to antibodies which exhibit immunological specificity for the galectin-10 protein, including human galectin-10, and in some cases species homologues thereof. Antibodies and immunoglobulins comprise light and heavy chains, with or without an interchain covalent linkage between them. Basic immunoglobulin structures in vertebrate systems are relatively well understood.

The generic term “immunoglobulin” comprises five distinct classes of antibody (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE) that can be distinguished biochemically. All five classes of antibodies are within the scope of the present invention. The following discussion will generally be directed to the IgG class of immunoglobulin molecules. With regard to IgG, immunoglobulins comprise two identical light polypeptide chains of molecular weight approximately 23,000 Daltons, and two identical heavy chains of molecular weight 53,000-70,000 Daltons. The four chains are joined by disulfide bonds in a “Y” configuration wherein the light chains bracket the heavy chains starting at the mouth of the “Y” and continuing through the variable region.

The light chains of an antibody are classified as either kappa or lambda (κ,λ). Each heavy chain class may be bound with either a kappa or lambda light chain. In general, the light and heavy chains are covalently bonded to each other, and the “tail” portions of the two heavy chains are bonded to each other by covalent disulfide linkages or non-covalent linkages when the immunoglobulins are generated either by hybridomas, B cells or genetically engineered host cells. In the heavy chain, the amino acid sequences run from an N-terminus at the forked ends of the Y configuration to the C-terminus at the bottom of each chain. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, (γ, μ, α, δ, ε) with some subclasses among them (e.g., γ1-γ⁴). It is the nature of this chain that determines the “class” of the antibody as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD or IgE, respectively. The immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes) e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, etc. are well characterized and are known to confer functional specialization. Modified versions of each of these classes and isotypes are readily discernible to the skilled artisan in view of the instant disclosure and, accordingly, are within the scope of the instant invention.

As indicated above, the variable region of an antibody allows the antibody to selectively recognize and specifically bind epitopes on antigens. That is, the VL domain and VH domain of an antibody combine to form the variable region that defines a three dimensional antigen binding site. This quaternary antibody structure forms the antigen binding site present at the end of each arm of the Y. More specifically, the antigen binding site is defined by three complementary determining regions (CDRs) on each of the VH and VL chains.

The term “antibody” as used herein is also intended to encompass “VHH antibodies” or “heavy-chain only antibodies”.

“VHH antibodies”—As used herein the term “VHH antibody” or “heavy-chain only antibody” refers to a type of antibody produced only by species of the Camelidae family, which includes camels, llama, alpaca. Heavy chain-only antibodies or VHH antibodies are composed of two heavy chains and are devoid of light chains. Each heavy chain has a variable domain at the N-terminus, and these variable domains are referred to as “VHH” domains in order to distinguish them from the variable domains of the heavy chains of the conventional heterotetrameric antibodies described above.

“Galectin-10”—As used herein, the term “galectin-10” (or Gal10 or Gal-10) refers to the small, hydrophobic glycan binding protein that autocrystallizes to form Charcot-Leyden crystals. Galectin-10 is also referred to as Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLCP), eosinophil lysophospholipase and lysolecithin acylhydrolase. The term “galectin-10” is broad enough to cover the human protein and any species homologues. The amino acid sequence of the full-length human galectin-10 is represented by SEQ ID NO: 141 (see below). This sequence corresponds to the sequence deposited in the UniProt database as human galectin-10, accession number Q05315. Also encompassed within the term “galectin-10” are naturally occurring variants of the human sequence, for example the Ala→Val variant on position 28.

SEQ ID NO: 141 1       10         20         30         40         50 MSLLPVPYTE AASLSTGSTV TIKGRPLACE LNEPYLQVDF HTEMKEESDI         60         70         80         90        100 VFHFQVCFGR RVVMNSREYG AWKQQVESKN MPFQDGQEFE LSISVLPDKY        110        120        130        140 QVMVNGQSSY TFDHRIKPEA VKMVQVWRDI SLTKENVSYL KR

“Galectin-10 crystals” or “Charcot-Leyden crystals”—The terms “galectin-10 crystals”, “Charcot-Leyden crystals” and “CLCs” are used herein interchangeably to refer to crystals formed of galectin-10. The crystals formed by galectin-10 are typically bi-pyramidal hexagonal crystals and are approximately 20-40 μm in length and approximately 2-4 μm width. These crystals have been associated with eosinophilic inflammatory disorders.

“Crystal packing interface”—A “crystal packing interface” of galectin-10 refers to a set of amino acids forming a surface patch on galectin-10 that contacts one or more neighbouring galectin-10 molecules in the crystalline lattice. CLCs have different crystal packing interfaces and the amino acids forming these crystal packing interfaces have been characterised as: Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Ala12, Ser13, Thr16, Thr42, Glu43, Met44, Lys45, Asp49, Ile50, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Leu96, Pro97, Asp98, Lys99, GIn101, Met103, Gly106, Gln107, Ser108, Ser109, Tyr110, Thr111, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, Ala120, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, Phe135, Asn136, Val137, Ser138, Tyr139, Leu140 and Lys141, wherein the positions are defined with reference to SEQ ID NO: 141 above.

“Epitope”—As used herein in reference to galectin-10, the term “epitope” means the region of the galectin-10 protein to which the antagonist binds. An antagonist will typically bind to its respective galectin-10 epitope via a complementary binding site on the antagonist. The epitope to which the antagonist binds will typically comprise one or more amino acids from the full-length galectin-10 protein. The epitope may include amino acids that are contiguous in the galectin-10 protein, i.e., a linear epitope, or may include amino acids that are non-contiguous in the galectin-10 protein, i.e., a conformational epitope.

“Binding Site”—As used herein, the term “binding site” comprises a region of a polypeptide which is responsible for selectively binding to a target antigen of interest (e.g. galectin-10). Binding domains comprise at least one binding site. Exemplary binding domains include an antibody variable domain. The antibody molecules of the invention may comprise a single binding site or multiple (e.g., two, three or four) binding sites.

“Derived From”—As used herein the term “derived from” a designated protein (e.g. a camelid antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof) refers to the origin of the polypeptide or amino acid sequence. In one embodiment, the polypeptide or amino acid sequence which is derived from a particular starting polypeptide is a CDR sequence or sequence related thereto. In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence which is derived from a particular starting polypeptide is not contiguous. For example, in one embodiment, one, two, three, four, five, or six CDRs are derived from a starting antibody. In one embodiment, the polypeptide or amino acid sequence which is derived from a particular starting polypeptide or amino acid sequence has an amino acid sequence that is essentially identical to that of the starting sequence, or a portion thereof wherein the portion consists of at least 3-5 amino acids, at least 5-10 amino acids, at least 10-20 amino acids, at least 20-30 amino acids, or at least 30-50 amino acids, or which is otherwise identifiable to one of ordinary skill in the art as having its origin in the starting sequence. In one embodiment, the one or more CDR sequences derived from the starting antibody are altered to produce variant CDR sequences, e.g. affinity variants, wherein the variant CDR sequences maintain target antigen binding activity.

“Camelid-Derived”—In certain preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the invention comprise framework amino acid sequences and/or CDR amino acid sequences derived from a camelid conventional antibody or a VHH antibody raised by active immunisation of a camelid. However, antibodies of the invention comprising camelid-derived amino acid sequences may be engineered to comprise framework and/or constant region sequences derived from a human amino acid sequence (i.e. a human antibody) or other non-camelid mammalian species. For example, a human or non-human primate framework region, heavy chain portion, and/or hinge portion may be included in the galectin-10 antibodies. In one embodiment, one or more non-camelid amino acids may be present in the framework region of a “camelid-derived” antibody, e.g., a camelid framework amino acid sequence may comprise one or more amino acid mutations in which the corresponding human or non-human primate amino acid residue is present. Moreover, camelid-derived VH and VL domains, or humanised variants thereof, may be linked to the constant domains of human antibodies to produce a chimeric molecule, as described elsewhere herein.

“Conservative amino acid substitution”—A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a nonessential amino acid residue in an immunoglobulin polypeptide may be replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. In another embodiment, a string of amino acids can be replaced with a structurally similar string that differs in order and/or composition of side chain family members.

“Heavy chain portion”—As used herein, the term “heavy chain portion” includes amino acid sequences derived from the constant domains of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. A polypeptide comprising a heavy chain portion comprises at least one of: a CH1 domain, a hinge (e.g., upper, middle, and/or lower hinge region) domain, a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, or a variant or fragment thereof. In one embodiment, an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention may comprise the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain (e.g., a hinge portion, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain). In another embodiment, an antibody or antigen binding fragment of the invention may lack at least a portion of a constant domain (e.g., all or part of a CH2 domain). In certain embodiments, at least one, and preferably all, of the constant domains are derived from a human immunoglobulin heavy chain. For example, in one preferred embodiment, the heavy chain portion comprises a fully human hinge domain. In other preferred embodiments, the heavy chain portion comprises a fully human Fc portion (e.g., hinge, CH2 and CH3 domain sequences from a human immunoglobulin).

In certain embodiments, the constituent constant domains of the heavy chain portion are from different immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a heavy chain portion of a polypeptide may comprise a CH2 domain derived from an IgG1 molecule and a hinge region derived from an IgG3 or IgG4 molecule. In other embodiments, the constant domains are chimeric domains comprising portions of different immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a hinge may comprise a first portion from an IgG1 molecule and a second portion from an IgG3 or IgG4 molecule. As set forth above, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the constant domains of the heavy chain portion may be modified such that they vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring (wild-type) immunoglobulin molecule. That is, the polypeptides of the invention disclosed herein may comprise alterations or modifications to one or more of the heavy chain constant domains (CH1, hinge, CH2 or CH3) and/or to the light chain constant region domain (CL). Exemplary modifications include additions, deletions or substitutions of one or more amino acids in one or more domains.

“Chimeric”—A “chimeric” protein comprises a first amino acid sequence linked to a second amino acid sequence with which it is not naturally linked in nature. The amino acid sequences may normally exist in separate proteins that are brought together in the fusion polypeptide or they may normally exist in the same protein but are placed in a new arrangement in the fusion polypeptide. A chimeric protein may be created, for example, by chemical synthesis, or by creating and translating a polynucleotide in which the peptide regions are encoded in the desired relationship. Exemplary chimeric antibodies of the invention include fusion proteins comprising camelid-derived VH and VL domains, or humanised variants thereof, fused to the constant domains of a human antibody, e.g. human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4.

“Variable region” or “variable domain”—The terms “variable region” and “variable domain” are used herein interchangeably and are intended to have equivalent meaning. The term “variable” refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains VH and VL differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its target antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed throughout the variable domains of antibodies. It is concentrated in three segments called “hypervariable loops” in each of the VL domain and the VH domain which form part of the antigen binding site. The first, second and third hypervariable loops of the VLambda light chain domain are referred to herein as L1(λ), L2(λ) and L3(λ) and may be defined as comprising residues 24-33 (L1(λ), consisting of 9, 10 or 11 amino acid residues), 49-53 (L2(λ), consisting of 3 residues) and 90-96 (L3(λ), consisting of 5 residues) in the VL domain (Morea et al., Methods 20:267-279 (2000)). The first, second and third hypervariable loops of the VKappa light chain domain are referred to herein as L1(κ), L2(κ) and L3(κ) and may be defined as comprising residues 25-33 (L1(κ), consisting of 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 or 13 residues), 49-53 (L2(κ), consisting of 3 residues) and 90-97 (L3(κ), consisting of 6 residues) in the VL domain (Morea et al., Methods 20:267-279 (2000)). The first, second and third hypervariable loops of the VH domain are referred to herein as H1, H2 and H3 and may be defined as comprising residues 25-33 (H1, consisting of 7, 8 or 9 residues), 52-56 (H2, consisting of 3 or 4 residues) and 91-105 (H3, highly variable in length) in the VH domain (Morea et al., Methods 20:267-279 (2000)).

Unless otherwise indicated, the terms L1, L2 and L3 respectively refer to the first, second and third hypervariable loops of a VL domain, and encompass hypervariable loops obtained from both Vkappa and Vlambda isotypes. The terms H1, H2 and H3 respectively refer to the first, second and third hypervariable loops of the VH domain, and encompass hypervariable loops obtained from any of the known heavy chain isotypes, including γ, μ, α, δ, or ε.

The hypervariable loops L1, L2, L3, H1, H2 and H3 may each comprise part of a “complementarity determining region” or “CDR”, as defined below. The terms “hypervariable loop” and “complementarity determining region” are not strictly synonymous, since the hypervariable loops (HVs) are defined on the basis of structure, whereas complementarity determining regions (CDRs) are defined based on sequence variability (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, M D., 1983) and the limits of the HVs and the CDRs may be different in some VH and VL domains.

The CDRs of the VL and VH domains can typically be defined as comprising the following amino acids: residues 24-34 (LCDR1), 50-56 (LCDR2) and 89-97 (LCDR3) in the light chain variable domain, and residues 31-35 or 31-35b (HCDR1), 50-65 (HCDR2) and 95-102 (HCDR3) in the heavy chain variable domain; (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991)). Thus, the HVs may be comprised within the corresponding CDRs and references herein to the “hypervariable loops” of VH and VL domains should be interpreted as also encompassing the corresponding CDRs, and vice versa, unless otherwise indicated.

The more highly conserved portions of variable domains are called the framework region (FR), as defined below. The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs (FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4, respectively), largely adopting a 3-sheet configuration, connected by the three hypervariable loops. The hypervariable loops in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable loops from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen binding site of antibodies. Structural analysis of antibodies revealed the relationship between the sequence and the shape of the binding site formed by the complementarity determining regions (Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 227: 799-817 (1992)); Tramontano et al., J. Mol. Biol, 215:175-182 (1990)). Despite their high sequence variability, five of the six loops adopt just a small repertoire of main-chain conformations, called “canonical structures”. These conformations are first of all determined by the length of the loops and secondly by the presence of key residues at certain positions in the loops and in the framework regions that determine the conformation through their packing, hydrogen bonding or the ability to assume unusual main-chain conformations.

“CDR”—As used herein, the term “CDR” or “complementarity determining region” means the non-contiguous antigen binding sites found within the variable region of both heavy and light chain polypeptides. These particular regions have been described by Kabat et al., J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6609-6616 (1977) and Kabat et al., Sequences of protein of immunological interest. (1991), and by Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987) and by MacCallum et al., J. Mol. Biol. 262:732-745 (1996) where the definitions include overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. The amino acid residues which encompass the CDRs as defined by each of the above cited references are set forth for comparison. Preferably, the term “CDR” is a CDR as defined by Kabat based on sequence comparisons.

TABLE 1 CDR definitions CDR Definitions Kabat¹ Chothia² MacCallum³ V_(H) CDR1 31-35 26-32 30-35 V_(H) CDR2 50-65 53-55 47-58 V_(H) CDR3 95-102 96-101 93-101 V_(L) CDR1 24-34 26-32 30-36 V_(L) CDR2 50-56 50-52 46-55 V_(L) CDR3 89-97 91-96 89-96 ¹Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of Kabat et al., supra ²Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of Chothia et al., supra ³Residue numbering follows the nomenclature of MacCallum et al., supra

“Framework region”—The term “framework region” or “FR region” as used herein, includes the amino acid residues that are part of the variable region, but are not part of the CDRs (e.g., using the Kabat definition of CDRs). Therefore, a variable region framework is between about 100-120 amino acids in length but includes only those amino acids outside of the CDRs. For the specific example of a heavy chain variable domain and for the CDRs as defined by Kabat et al., framework region 1 corresponds to the domain of the variable region encompassing amino acids 1-30; framework region 2 corresponds to the domain of the variable region encompassing amino acids 36-49; framework region 3 corresponds to the domain of the variable region encompassing amino acids 66-94, and framework region 4 corresponds to the domain of the variable region from amino acids 103 to the end of the variable region. The framework regions for the light chain are similarly separated by each of the light chain variable region CDRs. Similarly, using the definition of CDRs by Chothia et al. or McCallum et al. the framework region boundaries are separated by the respective CDR termini as described above. In preferred embodiments the CDRs are as defined by Kabat.

In naturally occurring antibodies, the six CDRs present on each monomeric antibody are short, non-contiguous sequences of amino acids that are specifically positioned to form the antigen binding site as the antibody assumes its three dimensional configuration in an aqueous environment. The remainder of the heavy and light variable domains show less inter-molecular variability in amino acid sequence and are termed the framework regions. The framework regions largely adopt a 3-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops which connect, and in some cases form part of, the 3-sheet structure. Thus, these framework regions act to form a scaffold that provides for positioning the six CDRs in correct orientation by inter-chain, non-covalent interactions. The antigen binding site formed by the positioned CDRs defines a surface complementary to the epitope on the immunoreactive antigen. This complementary surface promotes the non-covalent binding of the antibody to the immunoreactive antigen epitope. The position of CDRs can be readily identified by one of ordinary skill in the art.

“Hinge region”—As used herein, the term “hinge region” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25 residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen binding regions to move independently. Hinge regions can be subdivided into three distinct domains: upper, middle, and lower hinge domains (Roux K. H. et al. J. Immunol. 161:4083-90 1998). Antibodies of the invention comprising a “fully human” hinge region may contain one of the hinge region sequences shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Human hinge sequences IgG Upper hinge Middle hinge Lower hinge IgG1 EPKSCDKTHT CPPCP APELLGGP (SEQ ID  (SEQ ID NO: 143) (SEQ ID  NO: 142) NO: 144) IgG3 ELKTPLGDTTHT CPRCP(EPKSCDTPPP APELLGGP (SEQ ID  CPRCP)₃ (SEQ ID  NO: 145) (SEQ ID NO: 146) NO: 147) IgG4 ESKYGPP CPSCP APEFLGGP (SEQ ID  (SEQ ID NO: 149) (SEQ ID  NO: 148) NO: 150) IgG42 ERK CCVECPPPCP APPVAGP (SEQ ID  (SEQ ID NO: 152) (SEQ ID  NO: 151) NO: 153)

“CH2 domain”—As used herein the term “CH2 domain” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends, e.g., from about residue 244 to residue 360 of an antibody using conventional numbering schemes (residues 244 to 360, Kabat numbering system; and residues 231-340, EU numbering system, Kabat E A et al. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest. Bethesda, US Department of Health and Human Services, NIH. 1991). The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired with another domain. Rather, two N-linked branched carbohydrate chains are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG molecule. It is also well documented that the CH3 domain extends from the CH2 domain to the C-terminal of the IgG molecule and comprises approximately 108 residues.

“Fragment”—The term “fragment”, as used in the context of antibodies of the invention, refers to a part or portion of an antibody or antibody chain comprising fewer amino acid residues than an intact or complete antibody or antibody chain. The term “antigen binding fragment” refers to a polypeptide fragment of an immunoglobulin or antibody that binds antigen or competes with intact antibody (i.e., with the intact antibody from which they were derived) for antigen binding (i.e., specific binding to galectin-10). As used herein, the term “fragment” of an antibody molecule includes antigen binding fragments of antibodies, for example, an antibody light chain variable domain (VL), an antibody heavy chain variable domain (VH), a single chain antibody (scFv), a F(ab′)2 fragment, a Fab fragment, an Fd fragment, an Fv fragment, a one-armed (monovalent) antibody, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies or any antigen binding molecule formed by combination, assembly or conjugation of such antigen binding fragments. The term “antigen binding fragment” as used herein is further intended to encompass antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of unibodies, domain antibodies and nanobodies. Fragments can be obtained, e.g., via chemical or enzymatic treatment of an intact or complete antibody or antibody chain or by recombinant means.

“Fab”—A “Fab” or “Fab fragment” refers to a molecule composed of a heavy chain and light chain wherein the light chain consists of the VL domain and the one constant domain (CL, CK or CA) and the heavy chain consists of the VH domain and the CH1 domain only. A Fab fragment is typically one arm of a Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule. A Fab fragment can be generated from an immunoglobulin molecule by the action of the enzyme papain. Papain cleaves immunoglobulin molecules in the region of the hinge so as yield two Fab fragments and a separate Fc region.

“scFv” or “scFv fragment”—An scFv or scFv fragment means a single chain variable fragment. An scFv is a fusion protein of a VH domain and a VL domain of an antibody connected via a linker.

“Valency”—As used herein the term “valency” refers to the number of potential target binding sites in a polypeptide. Each target binding site specifically binds one target molecule or specific site on a target molecule. When a polypeptide comprises more than one target binding site, each target binding site may specifically bind the same or different molecules (e.g., may bind to different ligands or different antigens, or different epitopes on the same antigen).

“Specificity”—The term “specificity” refers to the ability to bind (e.g., immunoreact with) a given target, e.g. galectin-10. A polypeptide may be monospecific and contain one or more binding sites which specifically bind a target or a polypeptide may be multispecific and contain two or more binding sites which specifically bind the same or different targets.

“Synthetic”—As used herein the term “synthetic” with respect to polypeptides includes polypeptides which comprise an amino acid sequence that is not naturally occurring. For example, non-naturally occurring polypeptides which are modified forms of naturally occurring polypeptides (e.g., comprising a mutation such as an addition, substitution or deletion) or which comprise a first amino acid sequence (which may or may not be naturally occurring) that is linked in a linear sequence of amino acids to a second amino acid sequence (which may or may not be naturally occurring) to which it is not naturally linked in nature.

“Engineered”—As used herein the term “engineered” includes manipulation of nucleic acid or polypeptide molecules by synthetic means (e.g. by recombinant techniques, in vitro peptide synthesis, by enzymatic or chemical coupling of peptides or some combination of these techniques). Preferably, the antibodies of the invention are engineered, including for example, humanized and/or chimeric antibodies, and antibodies which have been engineered to improve one or more properties, such as antigen binding, stability/half-life or effector function.

“Modified antibody”—As used herein, the term “modified antibody” includes synthetic forms of antibodies which are altered such that they are not naturally occurring, e.g., antibodies that comprise at least two heavy chain portions but not two complete heavy chains (such as, domain deleted antibodies or minibodies); multispecific forms of antibodies (e.g., bispecific, trispecific, etc.) altered to bind to two or more different antigens or to different epitopes on a single antigen); heavy chain molecules joined to scFv molecules and the like. scFv molecules are known in the art and are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,892,019. In addition, the term “modified antibody” includes multivalent forms of antibodies (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., antibodies that bind to three or more copies of the same antigen). In another embodiment, a modified antibody of the invention is a fusion protein comprising at least one heavy chain portion lacking a CH2 domain and comprising a binding domain of a polypeptide comprising the binding portion of one member of a receptor ligand pair.

The term “modified antibody” may also be used herein to refer to amino acid sequence variants of the antibodies of the invention as structurally defined herein. It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that an antibody may be modified to produce a variant antibody which varies in amino acid sequence in comparison to the antibody from which it was derived. For example, nucleotide or amino acid substitutions leading to conservative substitutions or changes at “non-essential” amino acid residues may be made (e.g., in CDR and/or framework residues). Amino acid substitutions can include replacement of one or more amino acids with a naturally occurring or non-natural amino acid.

“Humanising substitutions”—As used herein, the term “humanising substitutions” refers to amino acid substitutions in which the amino acid residue present at a particular position in the VH or VL domain of an antibody (for example a camelid-derived galectin-10 antibody) is replaced with an amino acid residue which occurs at an equivalent position in a reference human VH or VL domain. The reference human VH or VL domain may be a VH or VL domain encoded by the human germline. Humanising substitutions may be made in the framework regions and/or the CDRs of the antibodies, defined herein.

“Humanised variants”—As used herein the term “humanised variant” refers to a variant antibody which contains one or more “humanising substitutions” compared to a reference antibody, wherein a portion of the reference antibody (e.g. the VH domain and/or the VL domain or parts thereof containing at least one CDR) has an amino acid derived from a non-human species, and the “humanising substitutions” occur within the amino acid sequence derived from a non-human species.

“Germlined variants”—The term “germlined variant” is used herein to refer specifically to “humanised variants” in which the “humanising substitutions” result in replacement of one or more amino acid residues present at a particular position (s) in the VH or VL domain of an antibody (for example a camelid-derived galectin-10 antibody) with an amino acid residue which occurs at an equivalent position in a reference human VH or VL domain encoded by the human germline. It is typical that for any given “germlined variant”, the replacement amino acid residues substituted into the germlined variant are taken exclusively, or predominantly, from a single human germline-encoded VH or VL domain. The terms “humanised variant” and “germlined variant” are often used interchangeably herein. Introduction of one or more “humanising substitutions” into a camelid-derived (e.g. llama derived) VH or VL domain results in production of a “humanised variant” of the camelid (llama)-derived VH or VL domain. If the amino acid residues substituted in are derived predominantly or exclusively from a single human germline-encoded VH or VL domain sequence, then the result may be a “human germlined variant” of the camelid (llama)-derived VH or VL domain.

“Affinity variants”—As used herein, the term “affinity variant” refers to a variant antibody which exhibits one or more changes in amino acid sequence compared to a reference antibody, wherein the affinity variant exhibits an altered affinity for the target antigen in comparison to the reference antibody. For example, affinity variants will exhibit a changed affinity for galectin-10, as compared to the reference galectin-10 antibody. Preferably the affinity variant will exhibit improved affinity for the target antigen, e.g. galectin-10, as compared to the reference antibody. Affinity variants typically exhibit one or more changes in amino acid sequence in the CDRs, as compared to the reference antibody. Such substitutions may result in replacement of the original amino acid present at a given position in the CDRs with a different amino acid residue, which may be a naturally occurring amino acid residue or a non-naturally occurring amino acid residue. The amino acid substitutions may be conservative or non-conservative.

“High human homology”—An antibody comprising a heavy chain variable domain (VH) and a light chain variable domain (VL) may be considered as having high human homology if the VH domains and the VL domains, taken together, exhibit at least 90% amino acid sequence identity to the closest matching human germline VH and VL sequences. Antibodies having high human homology may include antibodies comprising VH and VL domains of native non-human antibodies which exhibit sufficiently high % sequence identity to human germline sequences, including for example antibodies comprising VH and VL domains of camelid conventional antibodies, as well as engineered, especially humanised or germlined, variants of such antibodies and also “fully human” antibodies.

In one embodiment the VH domain of the antibody with high human homology may exhibit an amino acid sequence identity or sequence homology of 80% or greater with one or more human VH domains across the framework regions FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4. In other embodiments the amino acid sequence identity or sequence homology between the VH domain of the polypeptide of the invention and the closest matching human germline VH domain sequence may be 85% or greater, 90% or greater, 95% or greater, 97% or greater, or up to 99% or even 100%.

In one embodiment the VH domain of the antibody with high human homology may contain one or more (e.g. 1 to 10) amino acid sequence mis-matches across the framework regions FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4, in comparison to the closest matched human VH sequence.

In another embodiment the VL domain of the antibody with high human homology may exhibit a sequence identity or sequence homology of 80% or greater with one or more human VL domains across the framework regions FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4. In other embodiments the amino acid sequence identity or sequence homology between the VL domain of the polypeptide of the invention and the closest matching human germline VL domain sequence may be 85% or greater 90% or greater, 95% or greater, 97% or greater, or up to 99% or even 100%.

In one embodiment the VL domain of the antibody with high human homology may contain one or more (e.g. 1 to 10) amino acid sequence mis-matches across the framework regions FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4, in comparison to the closest matched human VL sequence.

B. Galectin-10 Antagonists

In a first aspect, the present invention provides an antagonist which binds to galectin-10, wherein the antagonist binds to an epitope of galectin-10 and thereby shields a crystal packing interface of galectin-10. The present invention further provides an antagonist that binds to galectin-10, which, when bound to soluble galectin-10, inhibits the crystallization of galectin-10. The present invention further provides an antagonist that binds to galectin-10, which, when bound to crystalline galectin-10, promotes the dissolution of crystalline galectin-10. The antagonists of the invention preferably bind to human galectin-10.

The protein galectin-10 is a relatively small (16.5 kDa) glycan-binding protein. Galectin-10 proteins form dimers in solution and can also form insoluble hexagonal bipyramidal crystals. These crystals were first observed in patients with allergic asthma and parasitic infections, and are otherwise known as Charcot-Leyden crystals (or CLCs).

The antagonists of the present invention bind to an epitope of galectin-10. The epitope may be a linear epitope, i.e., it may consist of two or more consecutive amino acids in the galectin-10 primary protein sequence. Alternatively, the epitope may be a conformational epitope comprising or consisting of two or more amino acids that are not located adjacent to each other in the galectin-10 primary protein sequence. For embodiments in which the antagonist binds to a conformational epitope, the two or more amino acids of the epitope will typically be located in close proximity within the 3-dimensional structure of the galectin-10 protein. The epitopes to which the galectin-10 antagonists of the invention bind may comprise or consist of at least two amino acids, at least three amino acids, at least four amino acids, at least five amino acids, at least six amino acids, or at least seven amino acids. In certain embodiments, the epitopes to which the galectin-10 antagonists bind comprise or consist of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 amino acids.

The antagonists of the invention bind to an epitope of galectin-10 and thereby shield a crystal packing interface of galectin-10. As defined elsewhere herein, a crystal packing interface of galectin-10 is a surface patch of amino acids that contacts one or more neighbouring galectin-10 molecules in the crystalline lattice. By binding to an epitope of galectin-10 that serves to shield a crystal packing interface of galectin-10, the antagonists of the invention disrupt the crystallization of galectin-10. It follows, that the antagonists of the invention may shield a crystal packing interface fully or partially, provided that the antagonist disrupts the crystallization of galectin-10. In certain embodiments, the antagonists, when bound to soluble galectin-10, inhibit crystallization of galectin-10. In certain embodiments, the antagonists, when bound to crystalline galectin-10, promote dissolution of galectin-10.

The antagonistic properties of the galectin-10 antagonists described herein may be measured in accordance with the assays described herein. For example, galectin-10 antagonists, including galectin-10 antibodies, may be incubated with soluble galectin-10 under experimental conditions that favour galectin-10 crystallization and the ability of the antagonists to inhibit this process may be measured. The inhibitory activity of the galectin-10 antagonists may be measured relative to a control, for example an antagonist that does not bind to galectin-10. The inhibitory activity of the galectin-10 antagonists may also be measured relative to a control that is a galectin-10 binding molecule without crystallization inhibitory activity. The galectin-10 antagonists may inhibit crystallization of galectin-10 by 100% relative to control, by at least 90% relative to control, by at least 80% relative to control, or by at least 70% relative to control.

Alternatively, galectin-10 antagonists, including galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments, may be incubated with pre-formed galectin-10 crystals and the ability of the antagonists to dissolve the crystals may be measured over a suitable time-course. The galectin-10 crystals may be recombinant crystals formed from recombinant galectin-10 produced in vitro. Alternatively, the galectin-10 crystals may be crystals obtained from a patient sample, for example crystals obtained from polyps within the nasal or sinus cavities of a patient. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists of the invention may be capable of dissolving pre-formed galectin-10 crystals over a period of up to 10 hours, up to 12 hours, up to 14 hours, up to 16 hours, up to 18 hours, up to 20 hours. The galectin-10 antagonists may dissolve the crystals completely, i.e. by 100%. Alternatively, the galectin-10 antagonists may dissolve the crystals such that over 50% of the crystals are dissolved, over 60% or the crystals are dissolved, over 70% of the crystals are dissolved, over 80% of the crystals are dissolved, or over 90% of the crystals are dissolved over the time-course.

In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonist shields a crystal packing interface by binding to an epitope comprising one or more amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces of galectin-10. The amino acids of galectin-10 that form the crystal packing interfaces are typically identified as: Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Ala12, Ser13, Thr16, Thr42, Glu43, Met44, Lys45, Asp49, Ile50, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Leu96, Pro97, Asp98, Lys99, GIn101, Met103, Gly106, Gln107, Ser108, Ser109, Tyr110, Thr111, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, Ala120, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, Phe135, Asn136, Val137, Ser138, Tyr139, Leu140 and Lys141, wherein the positions are defined with reference to SEQ ID NO: 141. Thus, in certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists of the invention bind to an epitope comprising one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Ala12, Ser13, Thr16, Thr42, Glu43, Met44, Lys45, Asp49, Ile50, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Gln74, Gln75, Val76, Glu77, Ser78, Lys79, Asn80, Met81, Leu96, Pro97, Asp98, Lys99, Gln101, Met103, Gly106, Gln107, Ser108, Ser109, Tyr110, Thr111, Asp113, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, Ala120, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, Phe135, Asn136, Val137, Ser138, Tyr139, Leu140 and Lys141. In certain embodiments, the epitope consists entirely of amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces of galectin-10. For example, the epitope may consist of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces of galectin-10. Alternatively, the epitope may comprise amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces and additionally comprise at least one amino acid from outside the amino acids of the crystal packing interfaces of galectin-10.

In preferred embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising Tyr69. Alternatively or in addition, the antagonist may preferably bind to an epitope comprising an amino acid adjacent to Tyr69, specifically Glu68 or Gly70. In one embodiment, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising Glu68, Tyr69 and Gly70.

In a particular embodiment, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of the amino acids: Thr42, Glu43, Lys45, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117 and Ala120. In a particular embodiment, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of the amino acids: Thr42, Glu43, Lys45, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, GLu119, Ala120 and Lys122. In a particular embodiment, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of the amino acids: Thr42, Glu43, Lys45, Asp49, Glu68, Tyr69, Gly70, Ala71, Lys73, Gln74, Asp98, His114, Arg115, Ile116, Lys117, GLu119, Ala120 and Lys122. The amino acid positions of galectin-10 are identified with respect to SEQ ID NO: 141.

In certain embodiments, the antagonist binds to an epitope comprising one or more amino acids from the dimerization interface of galectin-10. The amino acids of galectin-10 that form the dimerization domain may differ from the amino acids that participate in the crystal packing interfaces. However, it is possible for an antagonist that binds to amino acids located in the dimerization interface to also shield the crystal packing interfaces and thereby disrupt crystallization of galectin-10. The amino acids of galectin-10 that form the dimerization interface are typically identified as: Pro5, Pro7, Leu27, Ala28, Cys29, Leu31, Asn32, Glu33, Pro34, Tyr35, Gln37, His41, Glu46, Glu47, Gln55, Arg60, Arg61, Arg67, Trp72, Gln75, Trp127, Arg128 and Asp129. Thus, in certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists of the invention bind to an epitope comprising or consisting of one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of: Pro5, Pro7, Leu27, Ala28, Cys29, Leu31, Asn32, Glu33, Pro34, Tyr35, Gln37, His41, Glu46, Glu47, Gln55, Arg60, Arg61, Arg67, Trp72, Gln75, Trp127, Arg128 and Asp129. The amino acid positions of galectin-10 are identified with respect to SEQ ID NO: 141.

In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists of the invention bind to an epitope of galectin-10 comprising one or more amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces and one or more amino acids from the dimerization interface. The one or more amino acids from the crystal packing interfaces and the one or more amino acids from the dimerization interface may be any of the specific amino acids identified above. In preferred embodiments, the antagonists of the invention bind to an epitope comprising Glu68, Tyr69 and Gly70.

C. Galectin-10 Antibodies and Antigen Binding Fragments Thereof

In preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists of the present invention are antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof. The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses, but is not limited to, monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), VHH antibodies, so long as they exhibit the appropriate immunological specificity for the galectin-10 protein. The galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments described herein may exhibit immunological specificity for any of the galectin-10 epitopes described in section B above.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e. the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes) on the antigen, each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant or epitope on the antigen. “Antibody fragments” or “antigen binding fragments” comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable domain thereof. Antibody fragments are described elsewhere herein and examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, bi-specific Fab's, and Fv fragments, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules, a single chain variable fragment (scFv) and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments (see Holliger and Hudson, Nature Biotechnol. 23:1126-36 (2005), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference).

The galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments described herein are intended for human therapeutic use and therefore, will typically be immunoglobulins of the IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM type, often of the IgG type, in which case they can belong to any of the four sub-classes IgG1, IgG2a and b, IgG3 or IgG4. In preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies are IgG antibodies. Particularly preferred are IgG1 antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are preferred since they are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. In certain preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antigen binding fragments are Fab fragments or “Fabs”.

The galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof may exhibit high human homology as defined elsewhere herein. Such antibody molecules having high human homology may include antibodies comprising VH and VL domains of native non-human antibodies which exhibit sufficiently high % sequence identity to human germline sequences. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof are humanised or germlined variants of non-human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments described herein may be camelid-derived. Camelid-derived antibodies may be heavy-chain only antibodies i.e. VHH antibodies or may be conventional heterotetrameric antibodies. In preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments are derived from camelid heterotetrameric antibodies. In further preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies are VHH antibodies or are derived from VHH antibodies.

For example, the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments may be selected from immune libraries obtained by a method comprising the step of immunizing a camelid with the target of interest i.e. galectin-10. The camelid may be immunized with the target protein or polypeptide fragment thereof, or with an mRNA molecule or cDNA molecule expressing the protein or a polypeptide fragment thereof. Methods for producing antibodies in camelid species and selecting antibodies against preferred targets from camelid immune libraries are described in, for example, International patent application no. WO2010/001251, incorporated herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments may be camelid-derived in that they comprise at least one hypervariable (HV) loop or complementarity determining region obtained from a VH domain or a VL domain of a species in the family Camelidae. In particular, the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments may comprise VH and/or VL domains, or CDRs thereof, obtained by active immunisation of outbred camelids, e.g. llamas, with galectin-10.

The term “obtained from” in this context implies a structural relationship, in the sense that the HVs or CDRs of the antibodies embody an amino acid sequence (or minor variants thereof) which was originally encoded by a Camelidae immunoglobulin gene. However, this does not necessarily imply a particular relationship in terms of the production process used to prepare the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof.

Camelid-derived antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof may be derived from any camelid species, including inter alia, llama, dromedary, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco or camel.

Antibody molecules comprising camelid-derived VH and VL domains, or CDRs thereof, are typically recombinantly expressed polypeptides, and may be chimeric polypeptides. The term “chimeric polypeptide” refers to an artificial (non-naturally occurring) polypeptide which is created by juxtaposition of two or more peptide fragments which do not otherwise occur contiguously. Included within this definition are “species” chimeric polypeptides created by juxtaposition of peptide fragments encoded by two or more species, e.g. camelid and human.

In certain embodiments, the entire VH domain and/or the entire VL domain may be obtained from a species in the family Camelidae. The camelid-derived VH domain and/or the camelid-derived VL domain may then be subject to protein engineering, in which one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions are introduced into the camelid amino acid sequence. These engineered changes preferably include amino acid substitutions relative to the camelid sequence. Such changes include “humanisation” or “germlining” wherein one or more amino acid residues in a camelid-encoded VH or VL domain are replaced with equivalent residues from a homologous human-encoded VH or VL domain.

Isolated camelid VH and VL domains obtained by active immunisation of a camelid (e.g. llama) with galectin-10 can be used as a basis for engineering galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments in accordance with the present invention. Starting from intact camelid VH and VL domains, it is possible to engineer one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions which depart from the starting camelid sequence. In certain embodiments, such substitutions, insertions or deletions may be present in the framework regions of the VH domain and/or the VL domain.

In other embodiments, there are provided “chimeric” antibody molecules comprising camelid-derived VH and VL domains (or engineered variants thereof) and one or more constant domains from a non-camelid antibody, for example human-encoded constant domains (or engineered variants thereof). In such embodiments it is preferred that both the VH domain and the VL domain are obtained from the same species of camelid, for example both VH and VL may be from Lama glama or both VH and VL may be from Lama pacos (prior to introduction of engineered amino acid sequence variation). In such embodiments both the VH and the VL domain may be derived from a single animal, particularly a single animal which has been actively immunised with the antigen of interest.

As an alternative to engineering changes in the primary amino acid sequence of Camelidae V H and/or VL domains, individual camelid-derived hypervariable loops or CDRs, or combinations thereof, can be isolated from camelid VH/VL domains and transferred to an alternative (i.e. non-Camelidae) framework, e.g. a human VH/VL framework, by CDR grafting.

In non-limiting embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies may comprise CH1 domains and/or CL domains (from the heavy chain and light chain, respectively), the amino acid sequence of which is fully or substantially human. For antibody molecules intended for human therapeutic use, it is typical for the entire constant region of the antibody, or at least a part thereof, to have fully or substantially human amino acid sequence. Therefore, one or more or any combination of the CH1 domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, CH3 domain and CL domain (and CH4 domain if present) may be fully or substantially human with respect to its amino acid sequence. The CH1 domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, CH3 domain and/or CL domain (and/or CH4 domain if present) may be derived from a human antibody, preferably a human IgG antibody, more preferably a human IgG1 antibody of subtype IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4.

Advantageously, the CH1 domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, CH3 domain and CL domain (and CH4 domain if present) may all have fully or substantially human amino acid sequence. In the context of the constant region of a humanised or chimeric antibody, or an antibody fragment, the term “substantially human” refers to an amino acid sequence identity of at least 90%, or at least 92%, or at least 95%, or at least 97%, or at least 99% with a human constant region. The term “human amino acid sequence” in this context refers to an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a human immunoglobulin gene, which includes germline, rearranged and somatically mutated genes. The invention also contemplates polypeptides comprising constant domains of “human” sequence which have been altered, by one or more amino acid additions, deletions or substitutions with respect to the human sequence, excepting those embodiments where the presence of a “fully human” hinge region is expressly required.

The galectin-10 antibodies may have one or more amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions within the constant region of the heavy and/or the light chain, particularly within the Fc region. Amino acid substitutions may result in replacement of the substituted amino acid with a different naturally occurring amino acid, or with a non-natural or modified amino acid. Other structural modifications are also permitted, such as for example changes in glycosylation pattern (e.g. by addition or deletion of N- or O-linked glycosylation sites).

The galectin-10 antibodies may be modified within the Fc region to increase binding affinity for the neonatal Fc receptor FcRn. The increased binding affinity may be measurable at acidic pH (for example from about approximately pH 5.5 to approximately pH 6.0). The increased binding affinity may also be measurable at neutral pH (for example from approximately pH 6.9 to approximately pH 7.4). By “increased binding affinity” is meant increased binding affinity to FcRn relative to the unmodified Fc region. Typically the unmodified Fc region will possess the wild-type amino acid sequence of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. In such embodiments, the increased FcRn binding affinity of the antibody molecule having the modified Fc region will be measured relative to the binding affinity of wild-type IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 for FcRn.

In certain embodiments, one or more amino acid residues within the Fc region may be substituted with a different amino acid so as to increase binding to FcRn. Several Fc substitutions have been reported that increase FcRn binding and thereby improve antibody pharmacokinetics. Such substitutions are reported in, for example, Zalevsky et al. (2010) Nat. Biotechnol. 28(2):157-9; Hinton et al. (2006) J Immunol. 176:346-356; Yeung et al. (2009) J Immunol. 182:7663-7671; Presta L G. (2008) Curr. Op. Immunol. 20:460-470; and Vaccaro et al. (2005) Nat. Biotechnol. 23(10):1283-88, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies comprise a modified human IgG Fc domain comprising or consisting of the amino acid substitutions H433K and N434F, wherein the Fc domain numbering is in accordance with EU numbering. In a further embodiment, the galectin-10 antibodies described herein comprise a modified human IgG Fc domain comprising or consisting of the amino acid substitutions M252Y, S254T, T256E, H433K and N434F, wherein the Fc domain numbering is in accordance with EU numbering.

In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies comprise a modified human IgG Fc domain consisting of up to 2, up to 3, up to 4, up to 5, up to 6, up to 7, up to 8, up to 9, up to 10, up to 12, up to 15, up to 20 substitutions relative to the corresponding wild-type IgG sequence.

The galectin-10 antibodies may also be modified so as to form immunoconjugates comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate). Fc regions may also be engineered for half-life extension, as described by Chan and Carter (2010) Nature Reviews: Immunology 10:301-316, incorporated herein by reference.

In yet another embodiment, the Fc region is modified to increase the ability of the antibody to mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or to increase the affinity of the antibody for an Fcγ receptor by modifying one or more amino acids.

In particular embodiments, the Fc region may be engineered such that there is no effector function. In certain embodiments, the antibody molecules of the invention may have an Fc region derived from naturally-occurring IgG isotypes having reduced effector function, for example IgG4. Fc regions derived from IgG4 may be further modified to increase therapeutic utility, for example by the introduction of modifications that minimise the exchange of arms between IgG4 molecules in vivo. Fc regions derived from IgG4 may be modified to include the S228P substitution.

In certain embodiments, the antibody molecules are modified with respect to glycosylation. For example, an aglycosylated antibody can be made (i.e., the antibody lacks glycosylation). Glycosylation can be altered to, for example, increase the affinity of the antibody for the target antigen. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by; for example, altering one or more sites of glycosylation within the antibody sequence. For example, one or more amino acid substitutions can be made that result in elimination of one or more variable region framework glycosylation sites to thereby eliminate glycosylation at that site. Such aglycosylation may increase the affinity of the antibody for antigen.

Also envisaged are variant galectin-10 antibodies having an altered type of glycosylation, such as a hypofucosylated antibody having reduced amounts of fucosyl residues or a fully or partially de-fucosylated antibody (as described by Natsume et al., Drug Design Development and Therapy, Vol. 3, pp 7-16, 2009) or an antibody having increased bisecting GlcNAc structures. Such altered glycosylation patterns have been demonstrated to increase the ADCC activity of antibodies, producing typically 10-fold enhancement of ADCC relative to an equivalent antibody comprising a “native” human Fc domain. Such carbohydrate modifications can be accomplished by, for example, expressing the antibody in a host cell with altered glycosylation enzymatic machinery (as described by Yamane-Ohnuki and Satoh, mAbs 1:3, 230-236, 2009). Examples of non-fucosylated antibodies with enhanced ADCC function are those produced using the Potelligent™ technology of BioWa Inc.

D. Exemplary Galectin-10 Antibodies

The present invention provides exemplary galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof. These galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments serve as preferred galectin-10 antagonists in accordance with the invention. The exemplary galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments of the invention may be defined exclusively with respect to their structural characteristics, as described below.

Provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which binds to galectin-10, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 58; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 57;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   (ii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 61; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 60;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 59;     -   (iii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 7; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 64; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 62;     -   (iv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 12; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 67; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   (v) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 15; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 70; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 69;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 68;     -   (vi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 18; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 17; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 16; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 72; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   (vii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 75; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 74;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 73;     -   (viii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 23; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 67; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   (ix) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 24; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 78; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 77;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   (x) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 28; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 27; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 26; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 67; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 66;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 79;     -   (xi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 30; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 81; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 80;     -   (xii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 33; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 32; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 84; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 83;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 82;     -   (xiii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 34; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 87; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 86;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   (xiv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 37; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 78; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 88;     -   (xv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 40; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 39; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 91; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 90;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   (xvi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 43; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 42; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 94; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 93;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 92;     -   (xvii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 6; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 44; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 4; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 97; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 96;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 95;     -   (xviii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 47; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 46; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 45; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 94; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 93;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   (xix) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 50; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 49; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 48; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 96; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 63;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 95;     -   (xx) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 36; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 52; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 51; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 98; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 97;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 80; and     -   (xxi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 55; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 53; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 81; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 93;         LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 71.

In certain embodiments, there is provided an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds galectin-10, said antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain, wherein

-   -   the variable heavy chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:3 [DRNLGYRLGYPYDY] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:2 [GISWNGGSTYYAESMKG] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:1 [DYAMS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:58 [ASYRSSNNAV] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:57 [EVNKRAS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:56 [AGTSSDVGYGNYVS] or sequence variant thereof; and     -   wherein the sequence variant comprises one, two or three amino         acid substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions, humanising         substitutions or affinity variants) in the recited sequence.

In certain embodiments, there is provided an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds galectin-10, said antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain, wherein

-   -   the variable heavy chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:6 [PGDRLWYYRYDY] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:5 [AINSGGGSTSYADSVKG] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:4 [SYAMS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:61 [ASYRYRNNVV] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:60 [KVSRRAS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:59 [AGTSSDIGYGNYVS] or sequence variant thereof; and     -   wherein the sequence variant comprises one, two or three amino         acid substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions, humanising         substitutions or affinity variants) in the recited sequence.

In certain embodiments, there is provided an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds galectin-10, said antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain, wherein

-   -   the variable heavy chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:9 [YIRGSSWSGWSAYDY] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:8 [VIASDGSTYYSPSLKS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:7 [TSYYAWS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:64 [QSADSSDNPV] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:63 [KDSERPS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:62 [QGGNFGYYYGS] or sequence variant thereof; and     -   wherein the sequence variant comprises one, two or three amino         acid substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions, humanising         substitutions or affinity variants) in the recited sequence.

In certain embodiments, there is provided an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, which binds galectin-10, said antibody or antigen binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain, wherein

-   -   the variable heavy chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:12 [RPNWYRALDA] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:11 [AIAYSGSTYYSPSLKS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable heavy chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:10 [TNSYYWS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR3 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:67 [QSYESSTSPV] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR2 sequence comprises or consists SEQ         ID NO:66 [GDSNRPS] or sequence variant thereof;     -   the variable light chain CDR1 sequence comprises or consists of         SEQ ID NO:65 [QGANLGRYYGI] or sequence variant thereof; and     -   wherein the sequence variant comprises one, two or three amino         acid substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions, humanising         substitutions or affinity variants) in the recited sequence.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies and antigen binding fragments that bind to galectin-10 are selected from antibody molecules comprising or consisting of a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) selected from the following:

-   -   (i) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 99 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (ii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 101 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 103 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (iv) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 105 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (v) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 107 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (vi) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 109 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (vii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 111 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (viii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 113 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (ix) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 115 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (x) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 117 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xi) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 119 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 121 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xiii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 123 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xiv) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 125 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xv) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 127 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (xvi) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 129 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xvii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 131 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xviii) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 133 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xix) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 135 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto;     -   (xx) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 137 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or consisting         of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138 or an amino acid         sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto;         and     -   (xxi) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence         of SEQ ID NO: 139 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%,         97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto and a VL comprising or         consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 or an         amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical         thereto.

Provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which binds to galectin-10, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment comprises a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 162; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 161; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 160; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 179; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         178; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 177;     -   (ii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 165; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 163; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 182; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         181; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180;     -   (iii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 168; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 167; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 166; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 185; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         184; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 183;     -   (iv) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 171; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 170; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 169; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 187; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         186; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180;     -   (v) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 174; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 173; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 172; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 189; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         188; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180;     -   (vi) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 176; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 175; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 163; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 192; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         191; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 190; and     -   (vii) HCDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 165; HCDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164; HCDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 163; LCDR3 comprising or consisting of         SEQ ID NO: 193; LCDR2 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO:         181; LCDR1 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 180.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies and antigen binding fragments that bind to galectin-10 are selected from antibody molecules comprising or consisting of a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) selected from the following:

-   -   (i) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 195 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (ii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 197 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 198         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 199 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (iv) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 201 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (v) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202 or         an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 203 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto;     -   (vi) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 205 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto; and     -   (vii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 206         or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99%         identical thereto and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 207 or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%,         98% or 99% identical thereto.

For embodiments wherein the domains of the antibodies or antigen binding fragments are defined by a particular percentage sequence identity to a reference sequence, the VH and/or VL domains may retain identical CDR sequences to those present in the reference sequence such that the variation is present only within the framework regions.

Provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which binds to galectin-10, wherein the antibody is a VHH antibody and wherein the VHH domain comprises the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (i) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 210; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 209; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 208;     -   (ii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 213; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 212; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 211;     -   (iii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 216; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 215; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 214;     -   (iv) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 219; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 218; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 217;     -   (v) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 222; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 221; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 220;     -   (vi) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 225; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 224; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 223;     -   (vii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 228; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 227; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 226;     -   (viii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 231; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 230; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 229;     -   (ix) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 234; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 233; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232;     -   (x) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 236; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 235; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 226;     -   (xi) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 238; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 237; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232;     -   (xii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 241; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 240; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 239;     -   (xiii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 236; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 235; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 226;     -   (xiv) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 244; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 243; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 242;     -   (xv) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 234; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 233; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 232;     -   (xvi) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 247; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 246; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 245; and     -   (xvii) CDR3 comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 249; CDR2         comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 248; CDR1 comprising or         consisting of SEQ ID NO: 217.

In certain embodiments, the VHH antibodies that bind to galectin-10 comprise a VHH domain comprising or consisting of an selected from antibody molecules comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 or 266, or an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical thereto.

For embodiments wherein the VHH domains are defined by a particular percentage sequence identity to a reference sequence, the VHH domain may retain identical CDR sequences to those present in the reference sequence such that the variation is present only within the framework regions.

The invention also provides antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, which bind to the same epitope as the galectin-10 antibodies exemplified herein.

In certain embodiments, the exemplary galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof defined as having the CDR sequences recited above or defined as having a particular percentage identity to the specific VH/VL/VHH domain amino acid sequences recited above are humanised, germlined or affinity variants of the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof from which the CDR, VH, VL and/or VHH sequences derive.

In a preferred embodiment, the exemplary galectin-10 antibody molecules having the CDR sequences recited above exhibit high human homology, for example are humanised or germlined variants of the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof from which the CDR sequences derive.

In non-limiting embodiments, the exemplary galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof having the CDR, VH and/or VL sequences described herein may comprise CH1 domains and/or CL domains (from the heavy chain and light chain, respectively), the amino acid sequence of which is fully or substantially human. For antibody molecules intended for human therapeutic use, it is typical for the entire constant region of the antibody, or at least a part thereof, to have fully or substantially human amino acid sequence. Therefore, one or more or any combination of the CH1 domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, CH3 domain and CL domain (and CH4 domain if present) may be fully or substantially human with respect to its amino acid sequence.

Advantageously, the CH1 domain, hinge region, CH2 domain, CH3 domain and CL domain (and CH4 domain if present) may all have fully or substantially human amino acid sequence. In the context of the constant region of a humanised or chimeric antibody, or an antibody fragment, the term “substantially human” refers to an amino acid sequence identity of at least 90%, or at least 92%, or at least 95%, or at least 97%, or at least 99% with a human constant region. The term “human amino acid sequence” in this context refers to an amino acid sequence which is encoded by a human immunoglobulin gene, which includes germline, rearranged and somatically mutated genes. The invention also contemplates polypeptides comprising constant domains of “human” sequence which have been altered, by one or more amino acid additions, deletions or substitutions with respect to the human sequence, excepting those embodiments where the presence of a “fully human” hinge region is expressly required. Any of the exemplary Fc region modifications described herein may be incorporated into the galectin-10 antibodies having the CDR and/or VH/VL domain sequences recited above. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies having the CDR and/or VH/VL domain sequences recited above comprise a modified human IgG Fc domain comprising or consisting of the amino acid substitutions H433K and N434F, wherein the Fc domain numbering is in accordance with EU numbering. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antibodies having the CDR and/or VH/VL domain sequences recited above comprise a modified human IgG Fc domain comprising or consisting of the amino acid substitutions M252Y, S254T, T256E, H433K and N434F.

Unless otherwise stated in the present application, % sequence identity between two amino acid sequences may be determined by comparing these two sequences aligned in an optimum manner and in which the amino acid sequence to be compared can comprise additions or deletions with respect to the reference sequence for an optimum alignment between these two sequences. The percentage of identity is calculated by determining the number of identical positions for which the amino acid residue is identical between the two sequences, dividing this number of identical positions by the total number of positions in the comparison window and multiplying the result obtained by 100 in order to obtain the percentage of identity between these two sequences. For example, it is possible to use the BLAST program, “BLAST 2 sequences” (Tatusova et al, “Blast 2 sequences—a new tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences”, FEMS Microbiol Lett. 174:247-250) available on the site <<blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>>, the parameters used being those given by default (in particular for the parameters “open gap penalty”: 5, and “extension gap penalty”: 2; the matrix chosen being, for example, the matrix “BLOSUM 62” proposed by the program), the percentage of identity between the two sequences to be compared being calculated directly by the program.

E. Polynucleotides Encoding Galectin-10 Antibodies

The invention also provides polynucleotide molecules encoding the galectin-10 antibodies of the invention or fragments thereof. Polynucleotide molecules encoding the full-length galectin-10 antibodies are provided, together with polynucleotide molecules encoding fragments, for example the VH, VL and/or VHH domains of the galectin-10 antibodies described herein. Also provided are expression vectors containing said nucleotide sequences of the invention operably linked to regulatory sequences which permit expression of the antibodies or fragments thereof in a host cell or cell-free expression system, and a host cell or cell-free expression system containing this expression vector.

Polynucleotide molecules encoding galectin-10 antibodies of the invention include, for example, recombinant DNA molecules. The terms “nucleic acid”, “polynucleotide” or a “polynucleotide molecule” as used herein interchangeably and refer to any DNA or RNA molecule, either single- or double-stranded and, if single-stranded, the molecule of its complementary sequence. In discussing nucleic acid molecules, a sequence or structure of a particular nucleic acid molecule may be described herein according to the normal convention of providing the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction. In some embodiments of the invention, nucleic acids or polynucleotides are “isolated.” This term, when applied to a nucleic acid molecule, refers to a nucleic acid molecule that is separated from sequences with which it is immediately contiguous in the naturally occurring genome of the organism in which it originated. For example, an “isolated nucleic acid” may comprise a DNA molecule inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or virus vector, or integrated into the genomic DNA of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell or non-human host organism. When applied to RNA, the term “isolated polynucleotide” refers primarily to an RNA molecule encoded by an isolated DNA molecule as defined above. Alternatively, the term may refer to an RNA molecule that has been purified/separated from other nucleic acids with which it would be associated in its natural state (i.e., in cells or tissues). An isolated polynucleotide (either DNA or RNA) may further represent a molecule produced directly by biological or synthetic means and separated from other components present during its production.

For recombinant production of a galectin-10 antibody according to the invention, a recombinant polynucleotide encoding it or recombinant polynucleotides encoding the different chains or domains may be prepared (using standard molecular biology techniques) and inserted into a replicable vector for expression in a chosen host cell, or a cell-free expression system. Suitable host cells may be prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells, specifically mammalian cells. Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CV1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651); human embryonic kidney line (HEK293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al., J. Gen. Virol. 36:59 (1977)); baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10); Chinese hamster ovary cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216 (1980)); mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol. Reprod. 23:243-251 (1980)); mouse myeloma cells SP2/0-AG14 (ATCC CRL 1581; ATCC CRL 8287) or NSO (HPA culture collections no. 85110503); monkey kidney cells (CV1 ATCC CCL 70); African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL-1587); human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2); canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34); buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A, ATCC CRL 1442); human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75); human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065); mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51); TRI cells (Mather et al., Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci. 383:44-68 (1982)); MRC 5 cells; FS4 cells; and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2), as well as DSM's PERC-6 cell line. Expression vectors suitable for use in each of these host cells are also generally known in the art.

It should be noted that the term “host cell” generally refers to a cultured cell line. Whole human beings into which an expression vector encoding an antigen binding polypeptide according to the invention has been introduced are explicitly excluded from the definition of a “host cell”.

F. Antibody Production

In a further aspect, the invention also provides a method of producing antibodies of the invention which comprises culturing a host cell (or cell free expression system) containing polynucleotide (e.g. an expression vector) encoding the antibody under conditions which permit expression of the antibody, and recovering the expressed antibody. This recombinant expression process can be used for large scale production of antibodies, including galectin-10 antibodies according to the invention, including monoclonal antibodies intended for human therapeutic use. Suitable vectors, cell lines and production processes for large scale manufacture of recombinant antibodies suitable for in vivo therapeutic use are generally available in the art and will be well known to the skilled person.

G. Pharmaceutical Compositions

The scope of the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions, containing one or a combination of galectin-10 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, formulated with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Such compositions may include one or a combination of (e.g., two or more different) galectin-10 antibodies. Techniques for formulating monoclonal antibodies for human therapeutic use are well known in the art and are reviewed, for example, in Wang et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 96:1-26, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that may be used to formulate the compositions include, but are not limited to: ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances (for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose), polyethylene glycol, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are formulated for administration to a subject via any suitable route of administration including but not limited to intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous, epidural, nasal, oral, rectal, topical, inhalational, buccal (e.g., sublingual), and transdermal administration.

H. Methods of Treatment

The galectin-10 antagonists, particularly the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments described herein, may be used in methods of treatment. Thus, provided herein is a galectin-10 antagonist in accordance with the first aspect of the invention for use as a medicament. Alternatively, provided herein is a galectin-10 antagonist in accordance with the first aspect of the invention for use in a method of treatment. In preferred embodiments, the invention provides galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments as described elsewhere herein for use as medicaments. Alternatively, the invention provides galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments as described elsewhere herein for use in a method of treatment. The galectin-10 antagonists, including the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, for use as medicaments are typically formulated as pharmaceutical compositions. Importantly, all embodiments described above in relation to the galectin-10 antagonists, particularly the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, are equally applicable to the methods described herein.

The present invention also provides methods of treating a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a galectin-10 antagonist in accordance with the first aspect of the invention. In preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonist is a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof as described elsewhere herein. In such methods of treatment, the galectin-10 antagonists, including the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, are typically formulated as pharmaceutical compositions. As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” is intended to mean the quantity or dose of galectin-10 antagonist, e.g. antibody, that is sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect, for example, the quantity or dose of antagonist required to eradicate or at least alleviate the symptoms associated with a disease or condition. An appropriate amount or dose can be determined by animal studies and/or a physician, as appropriate. For example, the dose can be adjusted based on factors such as the size or weight of a subject to be treated, the age of the subject to be treated, the general physical condition of the subject to be treated, the condition to be treated, and the route of administration.

For clinical use, in certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonist is a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof as described elsewhere herein and it is administered to a subject as one or more doses of about 0.1 mg/kg body weight to about 20 mg/kg body weight. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonist is a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof as described elsewhere herein and it is administered to a subject in a dose of about 0.1 mg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonist is a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof as described elsewhere herein and it is administered to a subject in a dose of about 0.5 mg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonist is a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof as described elsewhere herein and it is administered to a subject in a dose of about 1 mg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight.

The galectin-10 antagonists, particularly the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, are useful in therapeutic methods, for the reason that they can disrupt galectin-10 crystallization. As explained elsewhere herein, the galectin-10 antagonists of the present invention bind to an epitope of galectin-10 thereby shielding a crystal packing interface and consequently disrupting the crystallization of galectin-10. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists inhibit the crystallization of galectin-10. In certain embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists promote dissolution of crystalline galectin-10.

The galectin-10 antagonists, including the galectin-10 antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof, may be for use in preventing or treating diseases or conditions associated with the presence or formation of galectin-10 crystals or CLCs. Provided herein are methods of preventing or treating a disease or condition associated with the presence or formation of galectin-10 crystals or CLCs in a patient or subject in need thereof by administering an effective amount of a galectin-10 antagonist as described herein, particularly a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.

As used herein, a method of “preventing” a disease or condition means preventing the onset of the disease, preventing the worsening of symptoms, preventing the progression of the disease or condition or reducing the risk of a subject developing the disease or condition. As used herein, a method of “treating” a disease or condition means curing a disease or condition and/or alleviating or eradicating the symptoms associated with the disease or condition such that the patient's suffering is reduced.

For patients having diseases or conditions characterised by the presence of galectin-10 crystals, the methods of treatment will typically involve the administration of a galectin-10 antagonist, preferably a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, capable of dissolving the galectin-10 crystals located in the patient's tissues and/or body fluids. For patients identified as “at risk” of developing a disease or condition characterised by the formation of galectin-10 crystals, the methods of prevention may involve the administration of a galectin-10 antagonist, preferably a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, capable of inhibiting the crystallization of galectin-10.

Galectin-10 crystals or CLCs have been observed in patients having a range of diseases and conditions. It follows that the galectin-10 antagonists described herein may be used to prevent or treat a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of: asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; cystic fibrosis (CF); allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA); Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia. In preferred embodiments, galectin-10 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof are used to prevent or treat a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of: asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; cystic fibrosis (CF); allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA); Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia.

As noted above, galectin-10 crystals or CLCs are particularly associated with diseases or conditions characterised by eosinophilic inflammation. In preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists described herein, preferably galectin-10 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof described herein, are used to treat disorders or conditions associated with eosinophilic inflammation.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the galectin-10 antagonists described herein, preferably galectin-10 antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof described herein, are used to prevent or treat asthma.

The results presented herein highlight the important role of CLCs in inducing an innate immune response and inducing airway inflammation in vivo. These effects were successfully reversed by exemplary galectin-10 antibodies described herein. The inflammation observed in the mouse model described herein was found to be independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. These results indicate for the first time a causative role for CLCs in inflammatory responses mediated via a pathway independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome i.e. the inflammatory complex previously implicated in CLC pathology. It follows, that the methods of the present invention may be used to treat inflammatory conditions or disorders, particularly inflammatory conditions or disorders of the airways. The therapeutic effect may be mediated independently of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex.

The present invention also provides use of a galectin-10 antagonist for the detection of galectin-10 in a sample obtained from a patient. In certain embodiments, a galectin-10 antibody or antigen binding fragment in accordance with the invention is used to detect galectin-10 in a sample obtained from a patient. The antagonists, antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof are typically used to detect crystalline galectin-10. As noted above, galectin-10 crystals or CLC crystals have been observed in patients having a number of different diseases and conditions. It follows, that the patient sample may be isolated from a subject having or suspected of having any one of the following diseases or conditions: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, celiac disease, helminth infection, gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation, cystic fibrosis (CF), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), Churg-Strauss vasculitis, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, or acute myeloid leukemia. The detection of crystalline galectin-10 in the patient sample may be used to diagnose the disease or condition in the subject from which the sample was obtained. The sample may be any suitable patient sample, for example any fluid or tissue in which CLCs are observed in a disease state. In certain embodiments, the sample is a tissue sample obtained from a polyp, for example a nasal polyp. In certain embodiments, the sample is a mucus sample. In such embodiments, the detection of crystalline galectin-10 in the mucus sample using the antagonists of the invention may be used to detect or diagnose chronic rhinosinusitis. In preferred embodiments, the patient sample is a sputum sample. In such embodiments, the detection of crystalline galectin-10 in the sputum sample using the antagonists of the invention may be used to detect or diagnose asthma.

I. Kits

Any of the galectin-10 antagonists, antibodies or antigen binding fragments described herein can be packaged as a kit and optionally include instructions for use.

Examples

The invention will be further understood with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1. Production of Recombinant Charcot-Leyden Crystals (CLCs)

Previous studies on CLCs have been performed on crystals obtained by auto-crystallization of protein-rich lysates of primary human blood eosinophils or leukemic cell lines, which has led to co-purification of contaminating proteins like lysophospholipase (Ackerman et al., J. Immunol. 125(5): 2118-26 (1980); Weller et al., J. Biol. Chem. 259(24): 15100-5 (1984); and Archer et al., J. Exp. Med. 122:173-80 (1965)).

To generate large amounts of pure CLC crystals for use in functional studies in vivo, human galectin-10, carrying a TEV-cleavable N-terminal His-tag, was produced in E. coli and purified by a combination of immobilized affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography (FIG. 1A). A synthetic codon-optimized DNA sequence encoding human galectin-10 (residues 1-142, Uniprot Q05315) was cloned into the NcoI/XhoI sites of the pET28a bacterial expression vector (Novagen, cat #69864-3) with an His-tag and two protease cleavage sites, enterokinase (DDDDK) (SEQ ID NO: 270) and TEV protease (ENLYFQG) (SEQ ID NO: 271), at the N-terminus (MASTTHHHHHHDTDIPTTGGGSRPDDDDKENLYFQGHM) (SEQ ID NO: 272). pET28a-galectin-10 was transformed in BL21(DE3) cells using kanamycin (25 μg/mL) as a selection marker. Expression cultures were grown at 28° C. in Luria-Bertani medium, containing kanamycin (25 μg/mL). Expression of galectin-10 was induced at a culture OD₆₀₀ of 0.6, by the addition of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (ITPG) to a final concentration of 1 mM, after which the culture was allowed to grow overnight. The bacteria were harvested by centrifugation (6,000 g for 20 min at 4° C.) and the cellular paste was stored at −80° C. The bacterial pellet was thawed and resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl pH 7.4). The cells were lysed by sonication on a Branson sonifier (total run time of 4 min with 30 s pulses at 30% output interspersed with 30 s of down time). Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 4° C. (20,000 g for 30 min). The supernatant was clarified by filtration using a 0.22 μm bottle top filter and loaded onto a Ni Sepharose column equilibrated with 50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl pH 7.4. Next the column was washed with loading buffer supplemented with 20 mM imidazole and 0.1% empigen detergent, followed by washing with loading buffer supplemented with 20 mM imidazole. Next, the protein was eluted using loading buffer supplemented with 50 mM and 500 mM imidazole. The 50 mM and 500 mM elution peaks were pooled and concentrated and injected onto a HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 μg column using PBS pH 7.4 as running buffer. The elution fractions corresponding to galectin-10 were pooled and stored at −80° C. Endotoxin-levels were determined with an Endosafe-PTS system (Charles River) as lower than 5 EU mg⁻¹ recombinant protein. The His-tagged galectin-10 protein was soluble up to 30 mg/ml.

To analyse molecular mass and oligomeric state of His-tagged galectin-10, SEC-MALLS was performed (FIG. 1B). Protein samples (100 μL) were injected onto a Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare), with PBS pH 7.4 as running buffer at 0.5 ml min⁻¹, coupled to an online UV-detector (Shimadzu), a multi-angle light scattering miniDAWN TREOS instrument (Wyatt) and a Optilab T-rEX refractometer (Wyatt) at 25° C. A refractive index increment (dn/dc) value of 0.185 ml g⁻¹ was used for protein concentration and molecular mass determination. Data were analyzed using the ASTRA6 software (Wyatt). Correction for band broadening was applied using parameters derived from BSA injected under identical running conditions. SEC-MALLS analysis showed that His-tagged galectin-10 is a dimer in solution (FIG. 1B). The determined molecular weight was 40±0.8 kDa, which closely matches the theoretical weight for tagged dimeric galectin-10 of 41.2 kDa.

To form recombinant galectin-10 crystals, N-terminally tagged galectin-10 (at a concentration between 2 to 4.5 mg/ml) was incubated with in-house produced TEV protease (Kapust et al., 2001). The pRK793 plasmid encoding His-tagged TEV was a kind gift from David Waugh (Addgene plasmid #8827). Following overnight digestion, the protein solution was agitated by inverting it 5 times after which the solution turned cloudy in about 30 minutes due to the spontaneously formation of needle-shaped CLC crystals (FIG. 1C). Following TEV cleavage, recombinant galectin-10 autocrystallized in PBS buffer and was only soluble up to a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Following TEV-digestion three residues are left at the N-terminus (GHM) of recombinant galectin-10. The crystals closely resembled the various macroscopic shapes originally described by Charcot and von Leyden (FIG. 1D).

Fluorescently-labelled forms of galectin-10 crystals were also produced. Since galectin-10 contains two solvent exposed cysteine-residues (Cys29 and Cys57), the thiol-reactive fluorescent dye 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein (5-IAF) was used to fluorescently label tagged galectin-10. 5-IAF was solubilized in 100% dimethylformamide to a concentration of 100 mM. The pH of the galectin-10 protein solution (˜5 mg/mL) was adjusted to pH 8.5 by adding 100 mM Tris pH 8.5 (using a 1 M Tris pH 8.5 stock solution). Next, a 10-fold molar excess of 5-IAF to galectin-10 (monomer) was added to the protein solution and the labeling reaction was kept in the dark at room temperature for 2 hours. For galectin-10 carrying an N-terminal His-tag a molar extinction coefficient of 21430 cm⁻¹ M⁻¹ was used. Next, the excess of non-reacted 5-IAF was quenched by adding 5 mM DTT (using 1 M DTT). The excess of 5-IAF was then removed by running the sample on a 50 mL HiTrap desalting column (GE Healthcare) using PBS as running buffer. Next, 5-IAF labeled galectin-10 was concentrated and injected on HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 μg column. The fractions of the elution peak were then pooled and stored at −80° C. The endotoxin-levels were determined with an Endosafe-PTS system (Charles River) as lower than 5 EU mg⁻¹ recombinant protein. To form fluorescent galectin-10 crystals the N-terminal His-tag of 5-IAF labeled galectin-10 was removed by overnight incubation as described above. These fluorescent crystals had the myriad shapes originally described by Charcot and von Leyden (FIG. 1E).

Example 2. Characterisation of In Vivo Grown CLCs

To date, there has been no description of the crystal lattice structure of in vivo grown CLC. Therefore, crystals were isolated from the sticky mucus of CRSwNP patients. Airway mucosal tissue and/or secretions were collected from patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (FIG. 2A). Nasal polyposis was diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, clinical examination, nasal endoscopy, and sinus computed tomography scan according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps guidelines. All patients refrained from using oral and/or topical corticosteroids at least 4 weeks before surgery. The study and collection of samples were approved by the ethics committee of the Ghent University Hospital and an informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrollment in the study. Mucus “sticky allergic mucin type” obtained from patients was stored overnight at 4° C. in RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, Bornem, Belgium) containing antibiotics (50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 mg/mL streptomycin; Invitrogen), and 0.1% BSA (Sigma).

To reveal the presence and identity of CLC crystals, immunofluorescence staining was performed for galectin-10. The collected allergic mucin was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Tissue slides (5 μm) of the embedded mucin were cut, deparaffinized using xylene (3×10 minutes) and rehydrated by stepwise immersion in decreasing ethanol concentrations (100%, 90%, 60%, 30%, 0% ethanol, 2 minutes/step). After rehydration, the slides were immersed in PBS for 5 minutes and subsequently incubated for 1 h with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (Life Technologies) at 37° C. in a moist chamber. After washing with PBS (Life Technologies) for 10 minutes, the slides were incubated for 1 h with blocking buffer (7.5% BSA (Sigma Aldrich) in PBS) in a moist chamber at RT. Subsequently, the slides were incubated overnight at 4° C. with an anti-human galectin-10 antibody (Clone EPR11197, Abcam, 1/200 dilution in blocking buffer). The next day, the slides were washed with PBS for 10 minutes and incubated with a FITC labeled secondary goat anti-rabbit antibody (A11034 Life Technologies, 1/400 dilution). After washing for 10 minutes with PBS, the slides were mounted with Vectashield containing DAPI. The slides were stored in the dark and analyzed with a confocal laser-scanning microscope (Leica) the next day. This revealed the presence of large amounts of needle shaped crystals immunoreactive for galectin-10 (FIG. 2B).

To purify crystals for ex vivo crystallography, the medium was discarded and 1 g of the mucus was cut thoroughly in 10 ml RPMI 1640 (Sigma-Aldrich, Bornem, Belgium) containing antibiotics (50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 mg/mL streptomycin; Invitrogen), 0.1% BSA (Sigma) and 1 mg/ml Collagen type 2 (Worthington). The mucus was further homogenized using a GentleMACS Dissociator (Myltenyi Biotec) and subsequently incubated at 37° C. for 45 minutes under continuous rotation. After incubation, the partly dissolved mucus was homogenized with the GentleMACS Dissociator (Myltenyi Biotec) and centrifuged at 400 g for 7 minutes at RT. After centrifugation the supernatant was discarded and the pellet was dissolved in 3 ml PBS (Life technologies) containing 50 IU/ml penicillin and 50 mg/ml streptomycin (Life technologies). 3 ml of the isolated fluid was mixed with 6 ml Ficoll-Paque (GE Healthcare) and centrifuged at 250 g for 10 minutes. After removal of the supernatant and most of the Ficoll layer, 2.8 ml PBS with antibiotics was added to the remaining fluid (200 μl) at the bottom of the tube. This precipitation process was repeated 5 more times. The final fluid containing the crystals at the bottom of the tube was resuspended in 2 ml PBS with antibiotics and centrifuged at 200 g for 5 minutes. Most of the supernatant was removed and 800 μl of PBS with antibiotics was added to the crystals in the remaining 200 μl of fluid at the bottom of the tube. Single crystals were harvested from the solution using mounted cryoloops (FIG. 2C). Before flash-freezing in liquid nitrogen the crystals were cryoprotected by a brief soak in PBS supplemented with 35% (v/v) glycerol. Diffraction experiments at 100 K were conducted on beamline P14 of PetrallI (DESY, Hamburg, Germany). All data were integrated and scaled using the XDS suite (Kabsch, 2010). Molecular replacement (MR) was performed with Phaser (McCoy et al., 2007) using search models based on the structure of galectin-10 (PDB 1LCL). Model (re)building was performed in COOT (Emsley et al., Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 66(4): 486-501 (2010)) and individual coordinate and ADP refinement was performed in PHENIX (Adams et al., Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 66(2): 213-21 (2010)) and autoBuster (Bricogne et al., 2017). Model and map validation tools in COOT and the PHENIX suite were used throughout the work flow to guide improvement and validate the quality of crystallographic models. Using this methodology, the structure of a human CLC crystal isolated from a patient suffering from nasal polyps was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation (to 2.2 Å resolution) (FIG. 2D, FIG. 2E, Table 17). The crystal structure obtained was compared with that of recombinant galectin-10 crystals (1.4 Å resolution), and a published structure of galectin-10 crystals obtained by eosinophil lysis and crystallization in vitro (pdb 1 LCL, 1.8 Å) (Leonidas et al., Structure 3: 1379-93 (1995)). The resulting analysis showed that all three galectin-10 crystal forms belong to space group P 6₅22 with similar unit cell parameters (Table 17). Moreover, the atomic structures for recombinant galectin-10 produced in E. coli and for galectin-10 obtained from a human eosinophilic cell line (pdb 1 LCL) can be considered virtually identical as the structure of galectin-10 in human CLC crystals (RMSD<0.2 Å) (FIG. 2F).

Example 3. Production of a Non-Autocrystallizing Galectin-10 Variant, Galectin-10-Tyr69Glu

In order to produce a non-autocrystallizing variant of galectin-10, the crystal packing interactions (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B) in the reported structure for galectin-10 (PDB 1LCL) were analysed. Residue Tyr69 which engages in crystal packing interactions with a neighbouring galectin-10-Tyr69 residue in the crystal lattice was selected as a potential key residue for autocrystallization (FIG. 3A). Accordingly, a variant of galectin-10 carrying the Tyr69Glu (Y69E) substitution was recombinantly produced following an identical protocol as for wild-type galectin-10. To produce a potentially non-autocrystallizing galectin-10 variant, residue Tyr69 was mutated to a glutamate residue using Quickchange site-directed mutagenesis (Agilent). For the mutagenesis PCR the following forward and reverse primers were used, FP: GATGAACTCTCGTGAAGAAGGTGCATGGAAACAG (SEQ ID NO: 154) and RP: CTGTTTCCATGCACCTTCTTCACGAGAGTTCATC (SEQ ID NO: 155). The pET28a-galectin-10 plasmid was used as a template. The resulting plasmid, pET28a-galectin-10-Y69E was used to transform BL21(DE3) cells. Protein production and purification were identical as compared to wild-type galectin-10. Following TEV-mediated removal of the N-terminal tag of galectin-10-Y69E, His-tagged TEV was removed by running the digestion mixture on a Ni-sepharose column using PBS as running buffer. Next, the column flow-through, containing galectin-10-Y69E, was concentrated and injected onto HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 μg column. The SEC elution fractions corresponding to galectin-10-Y69E were pooled and stored at −80° C. Endotoxin-levels were determined with an Endosafe-PTS system (Charles River) as lower than 5 EU mg⁻¹ recombinant protein. It was found that following TEV treatment, the Y69E galectin-10 mutein did not autocrystallize as compared to wild type galectin-10 (FIG. 3C). According to similar methodology, several other crystallization-resistant muteins were made based on predicted importance in the crystal packing interface (FIG. 3C). SEC-MALLS analysis also showed that the Y69E variant is a dimer in solution. The determined molecular weight was 32.6 kDa, which closely matches the theoretical molecular weight for TEV-cleaved dimeric galectin-10-Tyr69Glu (33.2 kDa).

A crystal structure of the non-autocrystallizing galectin-10-Y69E mutein was also obtained. For this, galectin-10-Y69E was concentrated to 6-7 mg/mL before crystallization experiments. Sitting-drop nanoliter-scale vapour diffusion crystallization experiments were set up at 293 K using a Mosquito crystallization robot (TTP Labtech) and commercially available sparse-matrix screens (Molecular Dimensions, Hampton research). Crystals of the mutant galectin-10-Y69E mutein appeared after 24 hrs in condition D12 of the PEG/Ion screen (Hampton Research—0.2 M ammonium citrate pH 5.1, 20% PEG₃₃₅₀). Before flash-freezing into liquid nitrogen, crystals of galectin-10-Y69E were cryoprotected by briefly soaking the crystals in mother liquor supplement with 25% PEG 400.

Analysis of galectin-10-Tyr69Glu by X-ray crystallography showed that the non-autocrystallizing variant adopts a virtually identical structure as the crystallographic galectin-10 dimer in pdb 1 LCL (RMSD<0.3 Å) (FIG. 3D and FIG. 3F, Table 17).

The structure of the soluble mutein in solution was also studied using small-angle X-ray scattering in solution (SAXS). For this, SAXS data were measured on the SWING beam line at the SOLEIL Synchrotron (Gif-sur-Yvette, France). 50 μl of galectin-10-Tyr69Glu was injected onto an Agilent 4.6×300 mm Bio SEC-3 column with 300 Å pore size and HBS pH 7.4 as running buffer at a flow speed of 0.3 ml min⁻¹ at 15° C. X-ray scattering data were collected in continuous flow mode with 1 s exposure time per frame. Data were recorded within a momentum transfer range of 0.0066 Å⁻¹<q<0.609 Å⁻¹, with q=4π sin θ/λ. Raw data were radially averaged and buffer subtracted using Foxtrot v3.3.4 (developed at Synchrotron SOLEIL and provided by Xenocs, Sassenage, France). The quality of the data was analyzed with Foxtrot by checking the stability of the radius of gyration over the length of the elution peak and by scaling all curves to the most intense scattering profile. The final scattering curve was obtained by averaging the unscaled, buffer-subtracted scattering profiles from frames 255-268, which correspond to the top of the elution peak. Structural parameters were determined with the ATSAS suite version 2.8.3 (Franke et al., J. Appl. Crystallogr. 50(4): 1212-25 (2017)). Molecular weight estimates were calculated using DATMW by methods based on the Porod volume (Petoukhov et al., J. Appl. Crystallogr. 45(2): 342-50 (2012)), the volume of correlation (Rambo et al., Nature 496(7446): 477 (2013)) and the apparent volume (Fischer et al., J. Appl. Crystallogr. 43(1): 101-9 (2010)). The theoretical SAXS profile for dimeric galectin-10-Tyr69Glu was calculated from the determined X-ray structure and fitted to the experimental data using the FoXS server (Schneidman-Duhovny et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 44(W1): W424-9 (2016)). The error-weighted residual difference plot was calculated as Δ/σ=[I_(exp)(q)−cI_(mod)(q)]/σ(q) versus q (Trewhella et al., Acta Crystallogr. D Struct. Biol. 73(9): 710-28 (2017)). SAXS analysis revealed that the dimeric assembly obtained by X-ray crystallography corresponds to the in-solution structure (FIG. 3E).

Example 4. CLCs Induce an Innate Immune Response In Vivo

To probe whether galectin-10 crystals promoted lung inflammation in vivo, naïve C57B1I/6 mice (Janvier) received an intra-tracheal injection of crystalline galectin-10 or control soluble galectin-10-Tyr69Glu mutein. For this, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane (2 l/min, 2-3%; 05260-05, Abbott Laboratories) and then injected intratracheally (i.t.) with 100 μg galectin-10 crystals or control soluble galectin-10-Tyr69Glu mutein (in 80 μl PBS). After 6 and 24 h, mice were euthanized by CO₂ inhalation and lungs were collected. In order to obtain single-cell suspensions, lungs were first cut with a scissor and then digested at 37° C. for 30 min in RPMI-1640 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) containing Liberase™ (1:50; 05 401 127 001, Sigma-Aldrich) and DNase I (1:1000; 04 536 282 001, Sigma-Aldrich). The obtained suspension was filtered through a 70 μm filter and depleted of red blood cells by RBC lysis buffer (0.15 M NH₄Cl, 1 mM KHCO₃, 0.1 mM Na₂EDTA in MilliQ H₂O). Single-cell suspensions were stained for flow cytometry. The following antibodies were used: anti-CD3& FITC (145-2C11) (35-0031-U500, Tonbo Biosciences), anti-CD19 FITC (1D3) (35-0193-U500, Tonbo Biosciences), anti-CD11c FITC (HL3) (553801, BD Biosciences), anti-Siglec-F PE (552126, E50-2440) (BD Biosciences), anti-CD127 PE-CF594 (SB/199) (562419, BD Biosciences), anti-CD25 PE-Cy7 (PC61.5) (25-0251-82, ThermoFisher Scientific), anti-CD11b BD Horizon V450 (M1/70) (560455, BD Biosciences), anti-CD45 BV605 (30-F11) (563053, BD Biosciences), anti-CD90.2 APC (52-2.1) (17-0902-82, ThermoFisher Scientific), anti-Ly6G AF700 (1A8) (561236, BD Biosciences), and anti-CD117 APC-eFluor780 (2B8) (47-1171-82, ThermoFisher Scientific). Viable cells were discriminated by the use of eBioscience™ Fixable Viability Dye eFluor™506 (ThermoFisher Scientific). To block unspecific antibody binding Fc Block 2.4.G2 (1:600, Bioceros) was used. Cell surface markers were stained for 30 min at 4° C. in the dark. 123count eBeads™ Counting Beads (ThermoFisher Scientific) were added to each sample. Settings were done using UltraComp eBeads™ Compensation Beads (ThermoFisher Scientific). Data were collected on a BD LSRFortessa and were analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star Incorporation).

After 6 h there was a strong influx of neutrophils in the airways of mice receiving galectin-10 crystals but not those receiving soluble galectin-10-Y69E mutein or control PBS solution (FIG. 4A). After 24 h there was a strong influx of monocytes in the airways of mice receiving galectin-10 crystals but not those receiving soluble galectin-10-Y69E mutein or control PBS solution (FIG. 4A).

The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice receiving galectin-10 crystals was also measured (FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C). The production of the chemokine CCL-2 was also measured (FIG. 4C). Mice were euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed by injecting 1 ml of PBS containing 0.01 mM EDTA. Subsequently, BAL was spun down (400 g, 5 min, 4° C.) and supernatant was stored at −20° C. Lysates of lung tissue were also produced. For evaluation of the cytokine secretion, the Ready-Set-Go ELISA kit from ThermoFisher Scientific was used. A flatbottom 96 half area well plate (Greiner) was coated with 50 μl per well of capture antibody diluted in 1× coating buffer (00-0000-53, ThermoFisher Scientific) and incubated overnight at 4° C. The following antibodies were used: anti-mouse IL-1 capture antibody (1:250; 14-7012-68A); anti-mouse IL-6 capture antibody (1:250; 14-7061-68); anti-mouse TNFα capture antibody (1:250; 14-7423-68), using the instructions of the commercial provider ThermoFisher Scientific. 50 μl per well of the samples, the standard (mouse IL-1β standard (39-8012-60); mouse IL-6 standard (39-8061-60); mouse TNFα standard (39-8321-60), all from ThermoFisher Scientific) and a blank was added in duplicate. After incubation and washing, 50 μl per well of detection antibody (biotinylated anti-mouse IL-1β detecting antibody (1:250; 13-7112-68A); biotinylated anti-mouse IL-6 detecting antibody (1:250; 13-7062-68A); biotinylated anti-mouse TNFα detecting antibody (1:250; 13-7341-68A) all from ThermoFisher Scientific) diluted in 1× assay diluent was added, followed by another incubation of 1 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the wells were washed and streptavidin-HRP reagent (1:250; 00-4100-94, ThermoFisher Scientific) diluted in assay diluent was added. After an incubation of 30 min at room temperature, the wells were washed and TMB substrate solution (00-4201-56, ThermoFisher Scientific) was added. The reaction was stopped by 2.5 N H₂SO₄, and absorbance was read at 450 nm with a Perkin Elmer Multilabel counter and data were collected with Wallac 1420 Manager software. For evaluation of CCL-2 levels, the mouse CCL2 (MCP-1) ELISA Ready-SET-Go!™ kit from eBioscience was used in accordance with manufacturer's instructions (cat no. 50-112-5204).

Injection of galectin-10 crystals was accompanied by production of IL-6 and TNF-α at 6 h post injection, whereas no induction of IL-1β was observed in the BAL samples (not shown). Injection of control soluble galectin-10-Y69E mutein or PBS did not lead to cytokine production (FIG. 4B).

Injection of galectin-10 crystals was also accompanied by production of large quantities of IL-1β and CCL-2 as measured in lung tissue (FIG. 4C).

Example 5. The Innate Immune Response Induced by CLCs is not Dependent on the Nlrp3 Inflammasome In Vivo

Many inorganic and organic crystals have the potential to elicit IL-1β secretion from inflammatory cells through triggering of the Nlrp3 inflammasome, leading to ASC adaptor recruitment, ASC spec formation, and caspase 1 activation for pro-IL-1β processing (Kool et al., Immunity 34(4): 527-40 (2011)). A recent paper posted on BioRxlv (bioRxiv 252957; doi: <<doi.org/10.1101/252957>>) reported that Charcot-Leyden crystals purified from a human eosinophilic cell line had the potential to trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro. It was however not reported whether crystal induced inflammation was dependent on NLRP3 in vivo, which would pinpoint the inflammasome as a therapeutic target. Inflammation was studied at 24 h as in Example 4. When galectin-10 crystals were injected in the airways of Nlrp3^(−/−) or Casp1/11^(−/−) mice, there was no reduction in crystal-induced cellular influx compared with wild type littermate C57B1I/6 control mice (FIG. 5 ). Therefore, inflammasome inhibition is unlikely to be successful in inhibiting CLC-induced inflammation in vivo.

Example 6. The Innate Immune Response Induced by CLCs is Independent of TIr4

Recombinant galectin-10 crystals are produced from galectin-10 protein produced in E coli, that has bacterial endotoxin in its cell wall. As endotoxin can trigger an innate immune response in the lungs, it was important to check the potential importance of contamination of galectin-10 crystals with endotoxin to induction of airway inflammation. For this reason, the immune response to galectin-10 crystals in TIr4^(−/−) mice that lack the receptor for endotoxin was also studied. Inflammation was studied as in Example 4. In these mice, there was no reduction in crystal-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation 24 h after injection compared with wild type littermate C57B1I/6 mice (FIG. 6 ).

Example 7. Galectin-10 Crystals Stimulate Airway Inflammation and IQE Synthesis in Humanized Mice Receiving PBMCs from Human Asthmatics

Galectin-10 is a neoantigen to the mouse immune system, as mice do not carry the LGALS10 gene coding for galectin-10. Therefore, experiments were set up in humanized mice carrying the immune system of a human house dust mite (HDM) allergic asthmatic donor. To collect PBMCs, 50 ml of blood from a house dust mite allergic patient were collected in EDTA-coated tubes. The blood was diluted in RPMI 1640 (v/v) and layered over 12 ml of Ficoll. After centrifugation (1200 g, 20 min, room temperature), PBMCs were harvested and washed in PBS. Cells were counted using trypan blue to exclude dead cells. PBMCs were resuspended in PBS at a concentration of 15×10⁶ cells/ml. On day 0, NOD Rag^(−/−) γc^(−/−) (NRG) mice were reconstituted by intraperitoneal injection of 3×10⁶ PBMCs. On days 1-4 and 7-9, all mice were injected intratracheally with 20 μg of HDM extract (Greer) diluted in 50 μl of PBS. In experiments addressing the pro-inflammatory effects of galectin-10 crystals, on days 1, 3, 7 and 9 NRG mice were treated with the following regimens (FIG. 7A): Regimen 1, PBS control 30 μl; Regimen 2, 100 μg of recombinant galectin-10 crystals (1 μl of the stock) diluted in 30 μl of PBS; Regimen 3, 100 μg of recombinant galectin-10-Tyr69Glu mutein (1 μl of the stock) diluted in 30 μl of PBS.

On day 27, all mice were challenged one final time intratracheally with 20 μg of HDM extract (Greer) diluted in 80 μl of PBS. All mice were sacrificed on day 28 using an overdose of pentobarbital injected intraperitoneally. Mice were bled through the iliac vein. Blood was collected in dry tubes. These tubes were centrifuged (5000 rpm for 10 minutes) to obtain serum. To obtain single lung cell suspensions, the left lung was collected, minced using iridectomy scissors, homogenized in PBS over a 100 μm mesh, washed by adding an excess of PBS, and centrifuged at 400 g for 7 minutes. Pellets were resuspended in PBS and stored on ice until further use (flow cytometry).

The upper and lower lobes of the right lung were fixed in 4% PFA before being embedded in paraffin for histology. The middle lobe of the right lung was embedded in OCT and frozen at −80° C. until further use (qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence).

To detect human cells, single cell suspensions from the left lung of mice were incubated for 20 minutes at 4° C. with APC-labeled anti-human CD45. Dead cells were stained using the Aqua Live/Dead fixable dead cell stain kit (BD). After washing the cells in PBS, 15000 counting beads were added to each sample. Cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry on a Fortessa (BD). None of the Abs used cross-react with murine tissues.

Human IgE concentrations were measured in the serum of NRG mice using a Human IgE uncoated ELISA kit (ThermoFischer). Briefly, ELISA plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with anti-human IgE antibodies in coating buffer. After washing with an excess of PBS-0.05% Tween 20, ELISA plates were blocked for 2 hours at room temperature with the blocking buffer provided by the manufacturer. After washing, the IgE standards (1:2 serial dilution) as well as the sera from NRG mice were added to the plates (dilution 1:5 in blocking buffer), and incubated for 2 hours. The detection antibody was added for 1 hour at room temperature. The presence of human IgE was revealed by adding TMB substrate in all wells. Plates were read at 450 nm on a spectrophotometer.

After 28 days, the degree of human CD45+ cell influx in the airways (FIG. 7B), and human IgE synthesis (FIG. 7C) was considerably higher in mice receiving 4 injections of crystalline galectin-10 compared with those receiving galectin-10-Tyr69Glu mutein or those receiving PBS during the HDM challenge period, showing that galectin-10 crystals boost human cellular influx in the lungs and IgE synthesis in an asthma model of immunodeficient mice reconstituted with the immune system of a HDM allergic donor.

Example 8. Production of Galectin-10 Antibodies A. Immunization of Llamas

Two llamas (Lama glama), named Ynigo and Montoyo, were protein immunized intramuscularly with the galectin-10 crystals (1 mg/dose/Ilama). Protein immunization was started on day 0 and galectin-10 crystals were administered every 14 days for a total of three injections (total five weeks). Five days after the last immunization, 400 mL of blood from the immunized llamas was collected to isolate the PBMCs and allow for RNA extraction.

In order to determine the immune response of the two immunized llamas, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) setup was used. For the ELISA, a homogeneous, non-crystallized form of galectin-10 was used.

To carry out the ELISA, a Maxisorp plate was coated with galectin-10 (100 μg/mL) and blocked with casein. Serial dilutions of llama serum pre- and post-immunization were added to the wells of the plate. Then llama IgG1 bound to coated galectin-10 was detected with a mouse anti-llama CH1 specific antibody (10D12), and detection was realized with an anti-mouse IgG-HRP (DAMPO). Finally, after the addition of TMB, the reaction was stopped with 0.5M H₂SO₄ and absorbance was measured at 450 nm (Tecan Sunrise, Magellan software). Both immunized llamas showed a strong immune response against galectin-10, even though only 3 injections were carried out.

B. Library Construction (scFv)

scFv libraries were constructed as follows. mRNA was purified from PBMCs isolated from the blood of the immunized llamas. The mRNA was reverse transcribed with random hexamer primers to obtain cDNA. For construction of heavy and light chain libraries, a two-step PCR was carried out. First, non-tagged primers were used directly on the cDNA to amplify the VH-CH1, VL-CL and Vk-Ck regions. The PCR product was then purified and used in a second PCR with the tagged scFv primers to amplify the VH, VL and Vk and these were cloned separately in the phagemid vector to create the “Lambda” and “Kappa” llama scFv libraries, respectively. The scFv fusion protein consisted of the VH and VL sequences coupled by a (G₄S)₃ linker (glycine and serine residues) for a size around 25 kDa. The choice to make scFv libraries was based on the fact that scFv fragments are better expressed as protein III fusions at the tip of the phage than Fabs. This results in a better yield and diversity of the phage library during the phage display selection. However, scFv fragments tend to form aggregates, which can result in apparent better affinities, due to the avidity effect. The antibody fragments in scFv format can be secreted into the periplasmic space of E. coli bacteria by induction with IPTG.

Enrichment of the phage expressing specific galectin-10 scFv fragments was performed by three rounds of selection on immobilized galectin-10.

The initial selection of the appropriate scFv clones specific for galectin-10 was carried out by a biopanning approach. Briefly, galectin-10-HIS was immobilized on Maxisorp ELISA plates, then the scFv phages library (Input) was added. Unbound phages were removed via multiple washing steps. Finally, the bound phages were eluted with trypsin, and E. coli infection was performed in order to amplify the selected phages. This process resulted in the enrichment of the phage population expressing scFv with high affinity anti-galectin-10. At the end of the round of selection, the number of eluted phages was estimated by titration of infected E. coli, spotted (from 10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁶) on Petri dishes containing solid LB medium with ampicillin and glucose. The first round of selection of the Lambda and Kappa library from both llamas resulted in a minor enrichment of specific anti-galectin-10 phages. These second and third rounds of selection resulted in an enrichment of phages expressing scFv with probably a higher affinity for galectin-10.

From the output of round 2 (Library Kappa and Lambda versus 5 μg/mL of galectin-10) and round 3 (Library Kappa versus 0.2 μg/mL and Lambda library versus 0.02 μg/mL), single clones were generated and resulted in the creation of six Master plates. From these Master plates, periplasmic master plates (PMP) were produced. For this purpose, single clones from the Master plates were first amplified in 96 well format (deep well), and production of the scFv was induced by an overnight incubation with IPTG. The next day, the bacteria were lysed by two cycles of freeze/thaw (−80° C. and −20° C.). After centrifugation, the supernatant (periplasmic extract) was collected and transferred into separate 96 wells plate in order to be tested for binding capacity (ELISA and Biacore).

C. Screening of the scFv Periplasmic Extracts by ELISA

In order to test the binding capacity of the scFvs to galectin-10, an ELISA binding assay was established. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated with soluble galectin-10 (1 μg/mL), then blocked with casein, before being incubated with the periplasmic extract (dilution 1/5 in PBS) containing the scFv-Myc. Detection of the binder was carried out with an anti-Myc-HRP antibody. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. A significant number of galectin-10 scFv binders were isolated after the second round of selection (45-87% of binders). For both llamas, the Lambda library showed higher numbers of galectin-10 binders than the kappa library. The third round of selection resulted in an increase in the number of scFv clones with high binding capacity to galectin-10. The scFv clones generated from the lambda library showed 74-93% binders to galectin-10, whereas the scFv generated from the kappa library showed 15-20% binders.

D. Sequencing and Reformatting of scFv Clones

Selected scFv clones that showed binding to galectin-10 were sequenced. Based on their CDR1-2-3, VH and VL sequences, each clone was classified as belonging to a particular family. This process resulted in the determination of 65 VH families, 13 VKappa families and 23 VLambda families. Twelve clones shown in Table 3 below were selected for further characterization.

TABLE 3 scFv clones binding to galectin-10 Gal10 concen- PERI- Isolated tration ELISA from during binding VH Lambda Kappa Clone selection selection (OD Family Family Family name round (ug/ml) values) nb nb nb 1A12 2 5 2.134 32 4 2B11 2 0.5 3.793 57 1 2C07 2 0.5 3.626 7 1 2E11 2 0.5 3.511 23 23 3A03 3 0.2 3.4 65 2 4B10 3 0.02 2.435 17 4 4G05 3 0.2 3.803 18 4 4H10 3 0.02 3.484 59 17 5012 3 0.02 2.415 64 3 6A11 3 0.02 2.346 24 23 6F05 3 0.2 3.827 26 17 6F011 3 0.02 3.757 53 23

The CDR, VH and VL sequences of these clones are shown in Tables 14, 15 and 16 below.

The 12 scFv clones in Table 3 were re-cloned as scFv-human Fc fusion molecules. For this purpose, the DNA of each selected scFv clone was first digested with restriction enzymes (AscI/SfiI). After extraction of the DNA from agarose gel, ligation of the DNA was performed into pre-digested vector containing the CH2-CH3 constant domains of the human IgG1 (pUPEX50: pScFv-Fc fusion vector). The transformation of each ligated product was performed using Top10 bacteria by heat shock and transfer onto LB-agarose plates with Ampicillin. After one night of incubation, ligated products showed high numbers of single bacterial colonies whereas no colonies were observed for the negative controls (empty vectors). Per scFv clone, four to eight colonies were picked and sent for sequencing. The clones that showed the proper insert (VH/VL) were selected and amplified in order to purify the DNA sequence (MidiPrep).

Production into mammalian cells was then initiated. Each DNA of the scFv-human Fc clone was transfected into HEK293E cells via the polyethylenimine (PEI). After 6 days, scFv-human Fc molecules were purified from the cell supernatant using the protein-A sepharose beads. Finally, SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out to assess the purity and the integrity of the scFv-human Fc molecules (˜100 kDa).

E. Characterization of the scFv-Human Fc Panel

ELISA and SPR with a T3000 Biacore were used to assess the binding properties of the scFv-human Fc panel.

(i) ELISA Analysis

In a similar setup to that used during the initial screening, the relative binding properties of the 12 scFv-human Fc clones were analyzed by ELISA. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated with galectin-10-His at 0.2 μg/mL and blocked with casein, before being incubated with a serial dilution of the scFv-human Fc fusion molecules. After several washing steps, detection of the bound scFv-human Fc was carried out with an anti-human Fc-HRP antibody. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. Finally, the raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01. The EC50 value of each compound was calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)). The results are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 ELISA binding characteristics of the lead panel of scFv-human Fc antibodies Clone name Bmax (ScFv-hFc) (OD values) EC50 (nM) 1A12 0.409 ambiguous 2B11 2.432 0.08 2C07 2.887 0.05 2E11 1.425 0.14 3A03 1.81 0.06 4B10 1.28 0.08 4G05 3.034 0.09 4H10 1.301 0.2 5E12 1.84 0.25 6A11 1.595 0.01 6F05 2.895 0.02 6F11 1.565 0.48 Isotype control 0.018 /

-   -   Clones 2C07, 6F05, 4G05 and 2B111 showed the best relative         binding capacity with EC50 values between 0.02-0.09 nM.     -   Clones 6F11 and 5E12 showed the lowest binding capacity (EC50         values between 0.25-0.48 nM).     -   One clone (1 Å12) showed weak binding to galectin-10, with an         ambiguous fit.

In addition, the whole panel showed similar binding capacity to coated galectin-10 and galectin-10-His tagged.

(ii) SPR Analysis

In order to determine the binding properties (on-rate/off-rate) of the scFv-human Fc panel, their binding capacity to galectin-10 was analyzed on Biacore T3000. For this purpose, a capture approach was set up. A CM5 Chip was coated with polyclonal anti-human Fc at 8000 RU, then a fixed concentration of the scFv-human Fc panel (1.5 μg/mL), diluted in HBS-EP pH7.4, were captured to reach a binding signal around 150 RU. Finally, a serial dilution of galectin-10-His (serial dilution, 1 over 2 from 5 μg/mL, 6 points of dilution) diluted in HBS-EP pH7.4 was injected. Raw data were analyzed via BIA evaluation software with a blank subtraction (4-3). The kd/KD and Rmax of each scFv-human Fc for galectin-10-His was determined using the Fit Kinetics simultaneous ka/kd/Binding with mass transfer/Local Rmax on BIA evaluation software. The results are shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Characterisation of the binding properties of the panel of scFv-human Fc antibodies on Biacore T3000 Clone name (ScFv-hFc) Rmax kd 1E−04 (1/s) KD (nM) 1A12 12.4 31.5 11.7 2B11 37.3 180 0.875 2C07 41.3 2.59 0.677 2E11 21.6 111 1.16 3A03 18.3 111 1.56 4B10 20.6 128 1.94 4G05 23.6 437 0.911 4H10 19.6 27.7 1.55 5E12 6.67 17.7 4.73 6A11 35.6 1240 0.711 6F05 38 1.17 0.918 6F11 28.84 172 2.96 Isotype control 6.06 / /

-   -   The clones 6F05 and 2C07 showed clearly the best affinity (0.9         and 0.6 nM, respectively), with off-rates of 1.17E-04 and 2.59         E-04 s⁻¹, respectively.     -   However, the other 10 clones showed fast off-rate with         affinities in a nanomolar range (>17 nM).

F. Screening of the scFv Clones by Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) Technology (Octet)

In addition to the sequencing and characterization of clones described in sections D and E above, 272 scFv clones from the Master plates 1-6, that showed a clear binding in ELISA (screening) were selected and their binding capacity to galectin-10-His was analyzed on BLI, using the Octet RED96. The BLI is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions. It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time.

Briefly, galectin-10-His tagged diluted in Kinetic Buffer was captured on Anti-Penta His 1K sensor tips until an immobilization level of 1 nm was reached. Then, diluted periplasmic extracts (1/10) were applied and association/dissociation to immobilized galectin-10-His was measured using the ForteBio Data analysis 9.0 software (subtraction of the reference Tips, 1.1 binding model). During the screening, only the dissociation (off-rate) of the scFv can be determined since the effective concentration of the scFv is unknown and can vary a lot from clone to clone. The results confirmed that most of the selected clones within the scFv panel showed fast off-rates. However, some clones, mainly from the lambda library (round 2 and round 3 of selection), showed slow off-rate (dissociation) to captured galectin-10. Therefore, taking into consideration the ELISA and BLI data, a new panel of lead scFvs was selected.

Based on the ELISA data and BLI data, a second panel of lead scFv clones was taken forward for further characterisation. The characteristics of these scFv clones is shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 Second panel of lead scFv clones Concen- Isolated tration of ELISA BLI from galectin-10 binding binding VH Clone selection used for (OD (off rate Fam- Lambda name round selection values) kdis(1/s)) ily Family 1C08 2 5 3.7 8.2E−03 59 17 1C09 2 5 3.5 1.4E−03 58 4 1D011 2 5 3.3 5.2E−03 62 17 2C07 2 0.5 3.6 6.7E−03 7 1 2F09 2 0.5 3.6 9.9E−03 57 23 4E08 3 0.2 3.6 9.4E−03 56 1 6A08 3 0.02 3.5 8.2E−03 26 14 6B06 3 0.2 3.7 5.8E−03 53 23 6E10 3 0.02 3.7 1.6E−02 35 23 6F06 3 0.2 3.8 5.7E−03 14 1

The CDR, VH and VL sequences of these scFv clones are shown in Tables 14-16 below.

G. Reformatting of Selected scFv Clones into a Mouse IqG1 Backbone

The selected leads shown in Table 6 above were re-cloned into a mouse IgG1 backbone for further characterization. For this purpose, the VH and the VL of each clone were PCR amplified using specific primers, isolated by electrophoresis, purified and digested with restriction enzymes (BsmBi). After digestion and clean-up, ligation of the DNA (VH or VL) was performed into BsmBi pre-digested vectors containing the constant domains of the mouse lambda light chain (pUPEX116.35) or of the mouse IgG1 heavy chain (CH1-CH2-CH3, pUPEX116.33). The transformation of each ligated product was carried out using Top10 bacteria by heat shock and transfer onto agarose plates with Ampicillin (resistance gene of the vectors). After one night of incubation, ligated products showed high numbers of single bacterial colonies whereas no colonies were observed for the negative controls (empty vectors). Per clone (HC and LC), four to eight colonies were picked and sent for sequencing. The clones that showed the proper insert were selected and amplified in order to purify the DNA sequence (MidiPrep).

The production of the 10 mouse IgG1 was done by transfection with a ratio of 1 heavy chain for 3 light chains incorporated in HEK293E cells via the polyethylenimine (PEI). After 6 days, mouse monoclonal antibodies were purified from the cell supernatant using the protein-A sepharose beads. Finally, SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out to assed the purity and the integrity of the antibodies (150 kDa).

H. Characterization of the Binding Properties of the Galectin-10 Mouse IqG1 Panel

Several assays were performed to evaluate the binding and functional properties of the galectin-10 mouse IgG1 panel. Both ELISA and SPR with a T3000 Biacore were used to determine the binding capacity of the lead panel.

(i) ELISA Analysis

In a similar setup to that used during the characterization of the scFv-human Fc molecules, the relative binding affinities of the 10 mouse IgG1 antibodies were analyzed by ELISA. A Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with 0.2 μg/mL of galectin-10-His. Then a serial dilution of each clone (from 100 nM, dilution 1/4, 12 points of dilutions) was incubated on coated galectin-10. After several washing steps, detection of the bound mouse IgG1 was carried out with an anti-mouse Fc-HRP antibody. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. A mouse IgG1 isotype control was used as negative control. A polyclonal anti-galectin-10 antibody was used as positive control for the coating of galectin-10. The raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01. The EC50 values for each antibody, calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)), are reported in Table 7 below.

The new panel of galectin-10 mouse IgG1 antibodies showed a relative binding capacity between 3.22 nM to 0.04 nM against coated galectin-10. The clones 2F09, 6 Å05, 6B06 and 2C07 showed the best relative binding affinity (0.05-0.08 nM).

TABLE 7 Characterization of the binding properties of the mouse IgG1 panel by ELISA Constructs (mouse IgG1) Bmax EC50 (nM) 1C09 2.297 0.13 1D011 1.498 0.1 2C07 2.947 0.08 2F09 3.293 0.05 4E08 2.063 3.22 6A05 1.744 0.07 6A08 3.196 0.15 6B06 3.278 0.08 6E10 2.398 0.17 6F06 2.926 0.08 Isotype control 0.042 /

(ii) SPR Analysis

The binding capacity of the mouse IgG1 antibodies to galectin-10 was analyzed on Biacore T3000. For this purpose, a capture approach was set up. A CM5 Chip was coated with polyclonal anti-mouse Fc at 8000 RU, then a fixed concentration of the mouse IgG1 antibody panel (1.5 μg/mL), diluted in HBS-EP pH7.4, was captured to reach a binding signal around 150 RU. Finally, a serial dilution of galectin-10-His (serial dilution, 1 over 2 from 5 μg/mL) diluted in HBS-EP pH7.4 was injected. Raw data were analyzed via BIA evaluation software with a blank subtraction (4-3). The kd/KD and Rmax of each mAb to galectin-10-His was determined using the Fit Kinetics simultaneous ka/kd/Binding with mass transfer/Local Rmax on BIA evaluation software.

TABLE 8 Characterization of the binding properties of the mouse IgG1 panel by Biacore T3000 Constructs kd 1E−04 (mouse IgG1) KD (nM) (1/s) 1C09 0.5 52.9 1D11 1 52.9 2C07 0.5 3.6 2F09 0.3 3.4 4E08 0.8 8.5 6A05 0.6 48.3 6A08 1 6.7 6B06 0.3 30.6 6E10 0.5 8.2 6F06 0.7 48.7

In this setup, the 10 clones showed an affinity in a nanomolar up to sub-nanomolar range, with an off-rate between 3.4-53 1^(E-04)(1/s). In line with the ELISA binding data, the clones 2F09 and 2C07 were found on the top of the panel. The off-rate measured during the characterization of the mouse panel was not in line with the off-rate measured during the screening. This is mainly explained by the difference in the assay setup used during the screening (BLI, galectin-10-His captured by anti-His sensor tips) and the characterization (SPR, mouse IgG1 captured by polyclonal anti-mouse Fc Chip).

I. Epitope Mapping of the Galectin-10 Mouse IqG1 Panel

In order to identify the galectin-10 binding sites of the different clones, an epitope mapping method (TANDEM), using the BLI technology, was established. Briefly, the galectin-10-His was captured on anti-HIS 1K sensor tips, before incubation with an excess of one antibody (called the “saturating” antibody) then directly transferred to a solution containing the “competitor” antibody at a suboptimal concentration. If the “saturating” and the competitor antibody bind to the same binding sites, no binding of “competitor” will be detected (expressed in nm shift). If they do not share the epitope, the “competitor” antibody will be able to bind in presence of the “saturating” antibody. An isotype control was used as a negative control for “saturating” antibody, where all the clones used as “competitor” antibodies showed a clear binding to galectin-10.

TABLE 9 Epitope mapping by competition assay Antibody 1 (Saturating Antibody 2 (competitor) at 1 ug/mL (binding signal in nm) Ab) (10 ug/mL) 1C09 1D011 2F09 4E08 6A05 2C07 6A08 6B06 6E010 6F06 Buffer 1C09 0.03 0.01 0.04 −0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 −0.02 1D011 0.10 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.06 0.02 2F09 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 −0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 4E08 0.08 0.00 0.10 −0.08 −0.03 −0.05 −0.05 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.01 6A05 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.01 6A08 0.04 0.01 0.07 −0.03 0.00 −0.01 −0.04 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.01 6E010 0.02 −0.01 0.03 −0.05 −0.03 −0.04 −0.05 −0.02 0.00 −0.03 −0.21 2C07 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 6B06 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 6F06 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.04 −0.05 Isotype 1.21 1.18 1.14 0.97 1.02 0.73 1.04 0.94 1.34 1.15 −0.05 Buffer / / / / / 0.80 1.08 0.98 1.38 1.22 /

The results showed that the 10 clones tested compete with each other, suggesting that they bind to the same binding site/epitope on galectin-10-His.

A similar approach was used for the first panel of scFv-human Fc fusion. All bound on the same epitope on galectin-10 (data not shown) i.e. the same epitope as the mIgG1 anti-galectin-10.

Example 9. Characterization of Galectin-10 Antibodies for Ability to Affect Crystallization In Vitro

The effects of the lead galectin-10 scFv-human Fc molecules and the lead galectin-10 mouse IgG antibodies on the formation of the recombinant CLCs described in Example 1 was tested. Because galectin-10 autocrystallization is so reproducible in vitro, a Mosquito crystallization robot (TTP Labtech) was used to screen anti-galectin-10 antibodies for their potential to block galectin-10 autocrystallization. Using this approach, clones that inhibited galectin-10 crystallization were screened. For the crystal inhibition assay, soluble TEV-cleaved wild-type recombinant galectin-10 in PBS was equilibrated overnight against a solution of 50% PEG 3350 in the presence of anti-galectin antibodies or an irrelevant antibody. To evaluate the inhibition of crystal formation, 250 nL of soluble TEV-cleaved wild-type recombinant galectin-10 in PBS at a concentration of 0.4-0.7 mg/mL was mixed with 100 nL anti-galectin-10 antibody or an irrelevant antibody. Next, the protein mixture was equilibrated against 40 microliter of 50% (v/v) PEG 3350 contained in the reservoir well of a 96-well crystallization plate. Due to the action of the PEG, the amount of water within the drop decreased and therefore the concentration of galectin-10 increased, until it reached the threshold where the galectin-10 crystallizes to form CLCs. Following overnight incubation the presence or absence of CLC crystals was evaluated using a stereomicroscope. The presence of crystal was determined as 100% crystal formation, few crystals observed equal 50% crystal formation and no crystals observed after the incubation time was set as 0% crystal formation. This experiment was not quantitative and only aimed to rank the potency of the different galectin-10 clones to block the CLC formation. Due to the experimental setup, and the high concentration of anti-galectin-10 molecules needed, only selected clones from the scFv-human Fc and the mouse IgG1 anti-galectin-10 panel were tested.

CLC crystals consistently appeared in control conditions but were absent in conditions containing anti-galectin-10 antibodies. This experimental setup is exemplified in FIG. 8A and effectiveness of several clones summarized in FIG. 8B.

The results show that all of the clones tested (17 in total) were able to block the CLC formation. Among the scFv-human Fc panel, the clones 4B10, 2E11 and 6F5 showed the best efficacy to block the CLC formation. The clone 1D11 showed the best potency to block the formation of the CLC among the mouse IgG1 panel. Clone 6 Å05 showed no CLC formation, even at the lowest ratio galectin-10/mouse IgG1 anti-galectin-10, and the reason for this is unclear. However, all the negative controls (galectin-10 incubated with irrelevant scFv-human Fc or mouse IgG1, buffer or BSA (2 mg/mL)) showed 100% CLC formation after 2 days of incubation.

Example 10. Galectin-10 Antibodies can Solubilize Pre-Existing CLCs In Vitro

Using an analogous experimental setup the antibody-mediated solubilization of already formed recombinant galectin-10 crystals was evaluated using the lead galectin-10 scFv-human Fc molecules and the lead galectin-10 mouse IgG antibodies. In this assay, antibodies were added to the crystals that had formed following overnight equilibration against the PEG3350 solution (250 nL of soluble TEV-cleaved wild-type recombinant galectin-10 in PBS against 50% PEG 3350 overnight). Crystal solubilization was observed as a function of time after addition of antibodies. 100 nL of anti-galectin-10 or control antibody was added and the solubilization of galectin-10 crystals was observed under a stereomicroscope. Each condition was performed in 12 replicas. As a negative control, an irrelevant scFv-human Fc and mouse IgG1 were included, as well as buffer only.

Table 10 shows that most of the tested galectin-10 antibody clones were able to dissolve pre-existing CLCs. This dissolution happened in less than 2 hours of incubation with the anti-galectin-10 molecules.

TABLE 10 Solubilization of existing CLCs in vitro 100% 100% Solubi- Solubi- lization lization Clone of CLC Clone of CLC name Format (Conc μM) name Format (Conc μM) 1A12 scFv-human n.t 1C09 mouse 10.48 Fc IgG1 2B11 scFv-human 5.04 1D11 mouse 7.86 Fc IgG1 2C07 scFv-human 6.86 2C07 mouse >2.2 Fc IgG1 2E11 scFv-human 4.36 2F09 mouse 10.67 Fc IgG1 3A03 scFv-human n.t 4E08 mouse >10 Fc IgG1 4B10 scFv-human 6.14 6A05 mouse 10.1 Fc IgG1 4G05 scFv-human 4.36 6A08 mouse >10 Fc IgG1 4H10 scFv-human 6 6B06 mouse >10 Fc IgG1 5E12 scFv-human n.t 6E10 mouse 10.48 Fc IgG1 6A11 scFv-human n.t 6F06 mouse 7.57 Fc IgG1 6F05 scFv-human 4 6F06 mouse 7.57 Fc IgG1 6F11 scFv-human n.t Isotype mouse No solubi- Fc IgG1 lization 6F11 scFv-human n.t Fc Isotype scFv-human No solubi- Fc lization

Example 11. Further Characterization of the Crystal Dissolving Properties of Selected Galectin-10 Antibodies

The four clones shown in the table below were selected for further analysis.

TABLE 11 Summary of characteristics of 6F05, 1C09, 1D11 and 4E08 Potency in inhibition of the CLC formation and solubilization Biacore 100% (capture Inhibition ELISA approach) of CLC 100% binding kd formation Solubilization Clone EC50 KD 1E−04 (Conc of CLC name Format (nM) (nM) (1/s) (μM) (Conc μM) 6F05 scFv- 0.02 0.9 1.2 1.00 4.00 human Fc 1C09 mouse 0.13 0.5 52.9 0.82 10.48 IgG1 1D11 mouse 0.1 1 52.9 0.34 7.86 IgG1 4E08 mouse 3.22 0.8 8.5 1.11 >10 IgG1

A. Time-Lapse Solubilization of CLCs by 6F05, 10C09, 10D11 and 4E08

To better document and characterize the solubilization process of CLC crystals by anti-galectin-10 antibodies, time-lapse experiments on a spinning disk confocal microscope were conducted. 2.5 μL of autocrystallized CLC solution (at 0.7 mg/mLQ in PBS was spotted in a well of a chamber microscope slide with glass bottom (Ibidi). Crystal solubilization was then initiated and followed overtime by the addition of 2 μL of anti-galectin-10 antibodies at a concentration of 7 mg/mL. To prevent evaporation the chamber was sealed with vacuum grease and a glass cover slide.

The CLC dissolution induced by 6F05, 1C09, 1D11 and 4E08 was monitored. Briefly, the solution containing CLCs was spotted in a μ-slide wells plate, before being incubated with a fixed concentration (8 mg/mL) of one of the four lead anti-galectin-10 antibodies. For each well, imaging positions were defined, and each position was imaged every 3-5 minutes. These experiments showed that several anti-galectin antibodies can solubilize recombinant CLC crystals in 1 to 2 hours, whereas irrelevant control isotype antibodies cannot (FIG. 9A). Furthermore, these high-resolution time-lapse experiments show that the CLC crystals diminish in size almost exclusively along their longest axis.

Clone 1D11 showed the best capacity to dissolve the pre-existing CLCs (FIG. 9B), where full dissolution was reached after 1 hour. The clones 6F05 and 4E08 showed similar dissolution capacity, with more than 90% CLC dissolution after 90 minutes of incubation. The mouse isotype control showed no effect on the CLCs; however, due to the displacement of the CLCs on the field, the software mis-interpreted this as a diminution of the space occupied by the CLCs.

B. Characterisation of the Binding Properties of 6F05, 1C09, 1D11 and 4E08 in Fab Format

The four clones of interest were reformatted as Fab fragments. As a first step the VH and the VL of each clone were PCR amplified using specific primers, purified by electrophoresis, digested with restriction enzymes (BsmBi) and ligated in the pre-digested vectors containing the human constant domains: the human lambda constant domain for the VL (pUPEX116.9) or the CH1 constant domain for the VH (pUPEX86, including part of the hinge region). The transformation of each ligated products was done into Top10 bacteria by heat shock and transferred on agarose plate with Ampicillin (resistance gene of the vectors). After one night of incubation, ligated products showed high number of single colonies whereas no colony was observed for the negative controls (empty vectors). Per clones (VH and VL), four to eight colonies were picked and sent for sequencing. The clones that showed the proper insert were selected and amplified in order to purify the DNA sequence (MidiPrep). The production of the 4 lead clones was initiated in mammalian cells. Transfection was performed with a ratio 1 heavy chain to 1 light chain incorporated in HEK293E cells via the polyethylenimine (PEI). After 10 days of production, human Fab were purified using the Capture Select IgG-CH1 sepharose beads. Finally, SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out to assess the conformation, the purity and the integrity of the Fab molecules (55 kDa).

The binding properties of the lead antibodies in Fab format was evaluated in ELISA binding and BLI binding, using an OctetRed96 in accordance with the protocols described above. The ELISA binding data (see Table 12 below), showed that the 4 lead antibodies could be separated into 2 groups based on their binding capacity to coated galectin-10-His. The clones 1C09 and 1D11 showed the best relative binding capacity, with an EC50 value between 1.6-1.9 nM, whereas the clones 4E08 and 6F5 showed lower binding potency with an affinity between 25.6-26.7 nM.

TABLE 12 Characterization of the binding properties of the 4 lead anti-galectin-10 antibodies (Fab format) by ELISA Construct (Fab) Bmax EC50 (nM) 1C09 1.0 1.9 1D11 0.9 1.6 4E08 0.7 25.6 6F05 0.8 26.7

The binding data, obtained with the BLI technology, showed similar results, with the clones 1C09 and 1D11 having the best binding capacity (KD between 10-13 nM, kd's between 3-3.8^(E-04) (1/s)), and the clones 4E08 and 6F05 showing weaker binding (KD between 147-188 nM, kd's between 25-35^(E-04)(1/s))—see Table 13.

TABLE 13 Characterization of the binding properties of the 4 lead anti- galectin-10 antibodies (Fab format) by BLI technology kd 1E−04 Construct (Fab) KD (nM) (1/s) 1C09 13.4 3.83 1D11 10.7 2.99 4E08 147 24.8 6F05 188 35.6

Example 12. Crystal Structure of Galectin-10 Fab Fragments in Complex with Galectin-10

The crystal structure of different Fab fragments in complex with galectin-10 was obtained, revealing how galectin-10 antibodies could dissolve existing crystals. For structural studies Fab fragments of selected antibodies (1D11, 6F5, 4E8, 1C9) were produced in HEK293 cells. Recombinant His-tagged galectin-10 at 1 mg/mL was digested with TEV at room temperature overnight using a TEV:galectin-10 ratio of 1:100. Next, purified Fab was added to digested galectin-10 in 1.25 molar excess. Next, the protein mixture was injected on a HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 μg column running on HBS buffer to isolate the galectin-10:Fab complex.

Fractions corresponding to the galectin-10:Fab complex were pooled and stored at −80° C. until further use. Galectin-10:Fab complexes were concentrated to 6-7 mg/mL before crystallization experiments. Sitting-drop nanoliter-scale vapour diffusion crystallization experiments were set up at 293 K using a Mosquito crystallization robot (TTP Labtech) and commercially available sparse-matrix screens (Molecular Dimensions, Hampton research).

Crystals of galectin-10 complexed with Fab 1D11 grew overnight in condition B7 of the ProPlex Screen (Molecular Dimensions—0.2 M ammonium acetate, 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.0, 15% PEG₄₀₀₀). Galectin-10 complexed with Fab 6F5 crystallized within 24 hrs in condition G7 of the BCS Eco Screen (Molecular Dimensions) (0.04 M CaCl₂, 0.04 M Na-formate, 0.1 M PIPES pH 7.0, 8% PEG Smear High). After 2 weeks crystals appeared of galectin-10 in complex with Fab 4E8 in condition B7 of the PEG/Ion screen (Hampton Research) (0.2 M ammonium nitrate, 20% PEG3350).

Before flash-freezing into liquid nitrogen, crystals of the galectin-10:Fab complexes were cryoprotected by briefly soaking the crystals in mother liquor supplement with 25% PEG 400. Diffraction experiments at 100 K were conducted on beamlines Proxima 2 Å of the SOLEIL synchrotron (Gif-sur-Yvette, France) and ID23-2 of the ESRF (Grenoble, France). All data were integrated and scaled using the XDS suite (Kabsch, 2010). Molecular replacement (MR) was performed with Phaser (McCoy et al., 2007) using search models based on the structure of galectin-10 (PDB 1 LCL) and a high-resolution mouse Fab structure (PDB 5X4G). Model (re)building was performed in COOT (Emsley et al., 2010) and individual coordinate and ADP refinement was performed in PHENIX (Adams et al., 2010) and autoBuster (Bricogne et al., 2017). Model and map validation tools in COOT and the PHENIX suite were used throughout the work flow to guide improvement and validate the quality of crystallographic models.

The structure of three different galectin-10:Fab complexes was determined (for antibodies 6F5, 1D11, and 4E8) (FIGS. 10A-10C, Table 17). These structures show that the different antibodies target an epitope on galectin-10 around residue Tyr69 (FIGS. 10D-10F), which was found to be key residue for the autocrystallizing behavior of galectin-10 (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3C).

Example 13. Galectin-10 Antibodies Solubilise Patient-Grown Galectin-10 Crystals in Allergic Mucin Ex Vivo

The potential of selected clones to solubilize crystals contained in allergic mucin obtained from patients with CRSwNP was studied. These crystals were therefore in a native mucus environment, and grown in vivo. Time-lapse experiments for the antibody-mediated solubilization of human CLCs in mucus were conducted as follows. 4 μL of CLC-containing mucus isolated from a patient was spotted in a well of a chamber microscope slide with glass bottom (Ibidi). Next, 4 μL of anti-galectin-10 or control antibody (at 7 mg/mL) was added to the spotted mucus. To prevent evaporation, the chamber was sealed with vacuum grease and a glass cover slide. The solubilization of human CLC was followed overtime using a spinning disk confocal microscope. Microscopic data was analyzed using Fiji. These time-lapse experiments are shown in FIG. 11 . The human CLCs undergo a similar solubilization process as recombinant galectin-10 crystals, but solubilisation took longer. It was however complete by 18 h incubation of the allergic mucin with crystal dissolving antibodies.

Example 14. Galectin-10 Antibodies Inhibit the Airway Inflammation Induced by CLCs

Crystal dissolving antibodies were administered to humanized NRG mice reconstituted with PBMCs of an HDM allergic asthmatic individual (Perros et al., Allergy 64(7): 995-1002 (2009)). Since mice do not produce galectin-10 crystals and the PBMC fraction does not contain human eosinophils (the source of endogenous galectin-10 in humans), galectin-10 crystals were administered to the airways of mice together with HDM challenge. It is exceedingly difficult to adoptively transfer viable human eosinophils to mice which is why the galectin-10 crystals had to be administered intratracheally at the time of the HDM allergen exposure. When CLCs were observed in the mice at day 28 of the protocol, they were always associated with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)-positive mucus inside the airways, just as seen in patients, adding validity to the adoptive transfer approach.

On day 0, NOD Rag^(−/−) γc^(−/−) (NRG) mice were reconstituted by intraperitoneal injection of 3×10⁶ PBMCs. On days 1-4 and 7-9, all mice were injected intratracheally with 20 μg of house dust mite (HDM) extract (Greer) diluted in 50 μl of PBS. The use of humanized mice avoided any confounding effects of murine galectin-10 IgG1 antibodies that would inevitably be induced over the time frame of the 28-day protocol.

In experiments addressing the pro-inflammatory effects of galectin-10 crystals, on days 1, 3, 7 and 9 NRG mice were treated with the following regimens: Regimen 1, 200 μg of isotype control antibodies intratracheally (diluted in 30 μl of PBS); Regimen 2, 10 μg of recombinant galectin-10 crystals (1 μl of the stock)+200 μg of isotype control antibodies intratracheally (diluted in 30 μl of PBS); Regimen 3, 10 μg of recombinant galectin-10 crystals (1 μl of the stock)+200 μg of 1D11 antibodies intratracheally (diluted in 30 μl of PBS) (FIG. 12A).

From day 11 onwards, mice received i.t. injections of 200 μg of isotype antibody or 200 μg of 1 D11 antibody three times per week until the day of sectioning. On day 27, all mice were challenged one final time intratracheally with 20 μg of house dust mite extract (Greer) diluted in 80 μl of PBS. All mice were sacrificed on day 28.

After 28 days, the degree of lung inflammation (FIG. 12B) was considerably higher in mice receiving galectin-10 crystals+isotype versus isotype alone during the HDM challenge period. Treatment with 1D11 antibody reversed the enhancing effect of galectin-10 crystals on lung inflammation. Furthermore, an investigator-blinded morphometric analysis (using QuPath image analysis software for pathology) was performed to assess the degree of cell influx in a perimeter of 500 μm from the basement membrane of the airways. This analysis revealed a markedly increased influx of inflammatory cells around the airways (FIG. 12E).

The degree of IgE synthesis (FIG. 12C) was assessed by ELISA (see example 7). After 28 days, the serum concentration of IgE (FIG. 12C) was considerably higher in mice receiving galectin-10 crystals+isotype versus isotype alone during the HDM challenge period. Treatment with 1D11 antibody reversed the enhancing effect of galectin-10 crystals on IgE concentration.

The presence of goblet cell metaplasia, measured using mucin MUCSAC mRNA levels, was also assessed. For this, frozen lung tissue was collected in an eppendorf tube and 1 ml of Tripure was added. Tissue was homogenized using a tissue homogenizer. To extract RNA, 200 μl of chloroform was added to the tubes containing the homogenized lung. After an incubation period of 5 minutes, tubes were centrifuged at 12000 g for 15 minutes. The upper transparent phase was collected in an RNase-free eppendorf, and was mixed with 500 μl of isopropanol and 1 μl of glycogen for 10 minutes. The tubes were centrifuged at 12000 g for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet containing the purified RNA was washed in 75% ethanol (centrifugation at 7500 g for 5 minutes). The pellet was air dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and was resuspended in 20 μl of RNase-free water. The tubes were placed for 10 minutes at 60° C. The concentration of RNA was determined in each sample using a Nanodrop instrument. 1 μg of RNA was used to make cDNA using the sensifast cDNA synthesis kit (Bioline). The leftover RNA was frozen at −80° C. The cDNA was diluted 10 times in water, and frozen until further use. To perform real time PCR, the following mastermix was used for each well of the PCR plate: 10 μl of Sensifast SYBR No-Rox mix, 4.75 μl water, 5 μl of cDNA. 0.125 μl of forward primer and 0.125 μl of reverse primer (taken from a 100 μM stock) were added to each PCR reaction. Primers used were the following: murine Muc5ac (Fwd: CTCCGTCTTAGTCAATAACCACC (SEQ ID NO: 156); Rev: GGAACTCGTTGGATTTTGGACTG (SEQ ID NO: 157)); Murine GAPDH as housekeeping (Fwd: ACAAAATGGTGAAGGTCGGTG (SEQ ID NO: 158); Rev: TGGCAACAATCTCCACTTTGC (SEQ ID NO: 159)).

After 28 days, the mRNA concentration of Muc5AC (FIG. 12D) was considerably higher in mice receiving galectin-10 crystals+isotype versus isotype alone during the HDM challenge period. Treatment with 1D11 antibody reversed the enhancing effect of galectin-10 crystals on MUCSAC mRNA concentration. More detailed histological analysis revealed markedly enhanced goblet cell metaplasia and mucus production, as visualized by enhanced PAS staining of lung epithelial cells that had the typical granule-rich aspect of goblet cells.

Bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) was also assessed in the mouse model since BHR is an essential feature of asthma. The effect of CLC administration on responsiveness of mechanically ventilated mice to the inhaled bronchoconstrictor methacholine was assessed using the FlexiVent invasive measurement of dynamic resistance (Hammad et al., J. Exp. Med. 204: 357-67 (2007)). In brief, mice were anesthetized with urethane and paralyzed using D-tubocurarine, tracheotomized and intubated with an 18G catheter, followed by mechanical ventilation by a Flexivent apparatus. Increasing concentrations of methacholine (0-200 μg/ml) were aerosolized via the catheter. Dynamic resistance (rrs) was recorded after a standardized inhalation maneuver given every 10 seconds for 2 minutes after methacholine administration. Addition of CLCs to HDM boosted the degree of bronchoconstriction compared with HDM alone and treatment with 1D11 completely neutralized this effect (see FIG. 12F).

TABLE 14 Heavy chain CDR sequences of scFv antibodies binding to galectin-10 scFv SEQ SEQ ID SEQ clone CDR1 ID NO: CDR2 NO: CDR3 ID NO: 1D11 DYAMS 1 GISWNGGSTYYAESMKG 2 DRNLGYRLGYPYDY 3   6F05 SYAMS 4 AINSGGGSTSYADSVKG 5 PGDRLWYYRYDY 6 4E08 TSYYAWS 7 VIASDGSTYYSPSLKS 8 YIRGSSWSGWSAYDY 9 1C09 TNSYYWS 10 AIAYSGSTYYSPSLKS 11 RPNWYRALDA 12 3A03 VYAMS 13 DINTSGDSTTYADSVKG 14 RYTQE 15 1A12 SYYMS 16 AINSGGGSTYYADSVKG 17 NGGIWSFGS 18 2E11 SYAMS 4 PINSGSDSASYVDSVKG 19 ARTSVVAGGMDY 20 4G05 RYWMI 21 SIYNDGGNTYYADSVKG 22 LKAAYYGMDY 23 2C07 SYAMS 4 NINSGGGSTGYADSVKG 24 YLRTYYPNAAFGMDY 25 4B10 NYWMY 26 AIDVGGGTTDYAGSVKG 27 GGSYYGGMDY 28 6A11 AYAMN 29 GVNSGGGLTSYGESVKG 30 SKRGAVVAGTGDDY 31 4H10 DYAMS 1 AISWNGGSTYYAESMKG 32 DLSASGSYYHTFGS 33 6F11 TGPYSWS 34 YIGYSGSTYYSPSLKS 35 SRSSPTTFGMDY 36 2B11 TNYYYWS 37 AIAYSGSTYYSPSLKS 11 APYGISREYDY 38 5E12 NYPMT 39 AINGGGDIPYYADSVKG 40 QKWGYDPRRTDFEF 41 6A05 SYAMS 4 AINSGGGWTSYVDSVKG 42 YSGPELNTQYGMDY 43 6A08 SYAMS 4 AINRGGGSTYYADSVKG 44 PGDRLWYYRYDY 6 2F09 TNYFYWS 45 AIAYSGRTYYSPSLKS 46 GPKGLASYYDY 47 6F06 RYSMS 48 TINSGGGSTSYVDSVKG 49 SQGGISFSTQYGMDY 50 6B06 TNYYSWS 51 YIAYSGSTSYSPSLKS 52 SRSSPTTFGMDY 36 6E10 SYWMY 53 AINTGGGSTYYADSVKG 54 AGSGVAGTGYDY 55

TABLE 15 Light chain CDR sequences of scFv antibodies binding to galectin-10 SEQ SEQ SEQ scFv clone CDR1 ID NO: CDR2 ID NO: CDR3 ID NO: 1D11 AGTSSDVGYGNYVS 56 EVNKRAS 57 ASYRSSNNAV 58 6F05 AGTSSDIGYGNYVS 59 KVSRRAS 60 ASYRYRNNVV 61 4E08 QGGNFGYYYGS 62 KDSERPS 63 QSADSSDNPV 64 1C09 QGANLGRYYGI 65 GDSNRPS 66 QSYESSTSPV 67 3A03 KPGRTLVHTDGRTYLY 68 QVSNRGS 69 AQATYYPLT 70 1A12 QGGNFGYYYVS 71 GDSNRPS 66 LSYESSDYPV 72 2E11 QGGKFGSYYVS 73 KDNERPS 74 QSGSSSDNIV 75 4G05 QGANLGRYYGI 65 GDSNRPS 66 QSYESSTSPV 67 2C07 QGGNFGRYYAS 76 RDSERPS 77 QSGRSSDNAV 78 4B10 QGAKLGRYYGI 79 GDSNRPS 66 QSYESSTSPV 67 6A11 QGGNFGRYYVS 80 KDSERPS 63 QSGSSSDNAV 81 4H10 AGTSSDVGYGDYVS 82 KVKTRAS 83 ASYKNGGTAV 84 6F11 QGGDFGRYYVA 85 QDSERPS 86 QSGISSDNIV 87 2B11 QGGKFGRYYAS 88 KDSERPS 63 QSGRSSDNAV 78 5E12 KSSQSVRIESNHKTYLN 89 DASSRES 90 QQAYAAPT 91 6A05 QGGNFGSYYAS 92 RDSGRPS 93 QSGSSSDNTV 94 6A08 GLSSGSVTSSNYPG 95 NTNSRYS 96 ALNRVRGTYRV 97 2F09 QGGNFGYYYVS 71 RDSGRPS 93 QSGSSSDNTV 94 6F06 QGGNFGRYYAN 95 KDSERPS 63 QSGSVSDNAV 96 6B06 QGGNFGRYYVS 80 QDSERPT 97 QSGTSSDNIV 98 6E10 QGGNFGYYYVS 71 RDSGRPS 93 QSGSSSDNAV 81

TABLE 16 VH and VL sequences of scFv antibodies binding to galectin-10 scFv  SEQ SEQ clone VH ID NO: VL ID NO: 1D11 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGF 99 QSVLTQPPSVSGSPGETVTISCAGTSSDVGYGN 100 TFDDYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGISWN YVSWYQQLPGMAPRLLIYEVNKRASGITDRFSG GGSTYYAESMKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQ SKSGNTASLTISGLQSEDEGDYYCASYRSSNNA MNSLKSEDTAVYYCAKDRNLGYRLGYPY VFGGGTHLTVL DYWGQGTQVTVSS 6F05 QLQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 101 QAGLTQPPSVSGTLGKAVTISCAGTSSDIGYGNY 102 FSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAINSGG VSWYQQLPGTAPKLLIYKVSRRASGVPDRFSGS GSTSYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM KSGNTASLSISGLQSEDEADYYCASYRYRNNVV NSLKPEDTAVYYCATPGDRLWYYRYDY FGGGTHLTVL WGQGTQVTVSS 4E08 QVQRQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGGS 103 QPVLNQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGYYYGS 104 ITTSYYAWSWIRQPPGKGLEWMGVIASD WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYKDSERPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTYYSPSLKSRTSISRDTSKNQFSLQLS GGTATLTISRAQAEDEADYYCQSADSSDNPVFG SVTPEDTAVYYCALYIRGSSWSGWSAYD GGTHLTVL YWGQGTQVTVSS 1C09 QVQLVESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGGSI 105 NFMLTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGANLGRYYGI 106 TTNSYYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWMGAIAYS WYQQKPGQAPVQVIYGDSNRPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTYYSPSLKSRTSISRDTSKNQFTLHLS GGTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSYESSTSPVFG SVTPEDTAVYYCARRPNWYRALDAWGQ GGTHLTVL GTLVTVSS 3A03 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCATSGFT 107 DVVLTQTPGSLSVVPGEAASISCKPGRTLVHTDG 108 FSVYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVADINTSG RTYLYWLQQKPGQRPQLLIYQVSNRGSGVPDRF DSTTYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM TGSGSGTDFTLKISGVKAEDAGVYYCAQATYYP NSLKPEDTAVYYCANRYTQERGQGTQV LTFGSGTRLEIK TVSS 1A12 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRVSCAASGF 109 SSALTQPSAISVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGYYYVS 110 TFSSYYMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAINSG WYQQKPGQAPVQVIYGDSNRPSGIPERFSGSSS GGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQ GGTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCLSYESSDYPVFG MNSLKSEDTAVYYCVQNGGIWSFGSWG GGTHLTVL QGTQVTVSS 2E11 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 111 QSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGKFGSYYVS 112 FSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSPINSGS WYQQKPGQAPVMVIYKDNERPSGIPERFSGSSS DSASYVDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM GSTSTLTISGAQAEDEGTYYCQSGSSSDNIVFG NSLKPEDTAVYYCAKARTSVVAGGMDY GGTELTVF WGKGTLVTVSS 4G05 QLQVVESGGGLVQTGGSLTLSCTTSGFT 113 SSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGANLGRYYGI 114 FSRYWMIWVRQAPGKGLEWVSSIYNDG WYQQKPGQAPVQVIYGDSNRPSGIPERFSGSSS GNTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSENTLYLQM GGTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSYESSTSPVFG NSLKSEDTAVYYCAKLKAAYYGMDYWG GGTHLTVL KGTLVTVSS 2C07 ELQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 115 QAVLTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGRYYAS 116 FSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSNINSGG WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYRDSERPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTGYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM GDTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSGRSSDNAVFG NSLKPEDMAVYYCAKYLRTYYPNAAFGM GGTHLTGL DYWGKGTLVTVSS 4B10 QLQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 117 QSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGAKLGRYYGI 118 FSNYWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAIDVGG WYQQKPGQAPVQVIYGDSNRPSGIPERFSGSSS GTTDYAGSVKGRFTISRDNTKSTVYLQM GGTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSYESSTSPVFG NTLKPEDTALYYCLRGGSYYGGMDYWG GGTHLTVL KGTLVTVSS 6A11 ELQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCSASGFT 119 SSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGRYYVS 120 FGAYAMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGVNSG WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYKDSERPSGIPERFSGSSS GGLTSYGESVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQ GDTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSGSSSDNAVFG MNRLNPDDTAVYYCAKSKRGAVVAGTG GGTHLTVL DDYWGQGTQVTVSS 4H10 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGF 121 QAGLTQPPSVAGTLGKTVTISCAGTSSDVGYGD 122 TFDDYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAISWN YVSWYQHIPGTAPKLLIYKVKTRASGIPDRFSGS GGSTYYAESMKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQ KSGNTASLTISGLQSGDESDYYCASYKNGGTAV MNSLKSEDAAVYYCAKDLSASGSYYHTF FGGGTHLTVL GSWGQGTQVTVSS 6F11 QVQRQESGPGLVKPSQTLSVTCTVSGG 123 SSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGDFGRYYVA 124 SITTGPYSWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGYIGYS WYTQKPGQAPVLVIYQDSERPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTYYSPSLKSRTSISRDTSNNQFSLQLS GDTATLTISGAQAEDEAEYYCQSGISSDNIVFGG SVTPEDTAVYYCARSRSSPTTFGMDYW GTHLTVL GKGTLVTVSS 2B11 QVQLQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGGS 125 HSAVTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGKFGRYYAS 126 ITTNYYYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWMGAIAYS WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYKDSERPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTYYSPSLKSRTSISRDTSKNQFTLQLS GDTATLSISGAQAEDEADYFCQSGRSSDNAVFG SVTPEDTAVYYCARAPYGISREYDYWGQ GGTHLTVL GTQVTVSS 5E12 QLQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCVASGFT 127 ETVPTQSPSSVTASVGEKVTITCKSSQSVRIESN 128 FRNYPMTWVRQAPGKGPEWVSAINGGG HKTYLNWYQQRPGRGPRLLIYDASSRESGIPDR DIPYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMD FSGSGSTSDFTLTISSVQPEDAAVYYCQQAYAA SLKPEDTAMYYCAKQKWGYDPRRTDFE PTFGQGTKLEIK FRGQGTQVTVSS 6A05 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 129 NFMLTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGSYYAS 130 FSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAINSGG WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYRDSGRPSGIPERFSGSSS GWTSYVDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM GDTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSGSSSDNTVFG DSLKPEDTAVYYCTKYSGPELNTQYGMD GGTHLTVL YWGKGTLVTVSS 6A08 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGF 131 QTVVTQEPSLSVSPGGTVTLTCGLSSGSVTSSN 132 TFSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGPEWVSAINRG YPGWYQQTPGQAPRLLIYNTNSRYSGVPNRFS GGSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQ GSISGNKAALIISGAQPEDEADYHCALNRVRGTY MNSLKPEDAAVYYCATPGDRLWYYRYD RVFGGGTHLTVL YWGQGAQVTVSS 2F09 QVQVQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGGS 133 SSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGYYYVS 134 ITTNYFYWSWIRQSPGKGLEWIGAIAYSG WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYRDSGRPSGIPERFSGSSS RTYYSPSLKSRTSISRDTSNNQFTLQLSS GDTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSGSSSDNTVFG VTPEDTAVYYCARGPKGLASYYDYWGQ GGTHLTVL GTQVTVSS 6F06 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASEFT 135 NFMLTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGRYYAN 136 FSRYSMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTINSGG WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYKDSERPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTSYVDSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM GDTATLTISGAQAEDESDYYCQSGSVSDNAVFG NSLKPEDTAVYYCTKSQGGISFSTQYGM GGTHLAVL DYWGKGTLVTVSS 6B06 QVQRQESGPGLVKPSQTLSLTCTVSGGS 137 SSALTQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGRYYVS 138 ITTNYYSWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGYIAYSG WYTQKPGQAPVLVIYQDSERPTGIPERFSGSSS STSYSPSLKSRTSISRDTSNNQFSLQLSS GDTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSGTSSDNIVFG VTPEDTAVYYCARSRSSPTTFGMDYWG GGTHLTVL KGTLVTVSS 6E10 QLQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 139 QPVLNQPSAVSVSLGQTARITCQGGNFGYYYVS 140 FSSYWMYWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAINTGG WYQQKPGQAPVLVIYRDSGRPSGIPERFSGSSS GSTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQM GDTATLTISGAQAEDEADYYCQSGSSSDNAVFG NSLKPEDTALYYCARAGSGVAGTGYDY GGTHLTVL WGQGTQVTVSS

TABLE 17 X-ray data and refinement statistics Recombinant Ex vivo Recombinant Gal10 CLC crystal Gal10-Tyr69Glu Beam line P14 (PetraIII) P14 (PetraIII) PXIII (SLS) Ligands glycerol glycerol PG4, PG6, PGE Crystallization PBS PBS 0.2 M ammonium sulphate conditions pH 5.1 20% PEG₃₃₅₀ cryo 35% glycerol 35% glycerol 25% PEG₄₀₀ Data collection wavelength   0.9763   0.9763   0.99998 Space group P 6522 P 6522 P 21 Cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 48.88, 48.88, 258.64 48.86, 48.86, 257.88 72.82, 93.30, 93.07 α, β, γ (°) 90.00, 90.00, 120.00 90.00, 90.00, 120.00 90.00, 108.94, 90.00 Resolution (Å) 50.00-1.34 (1.42-1.34)  50.00-2.22 (2.35-2.22)  50.00-2.10 (2.23-2.10)  R_(meas) 7.6 (71.5)  30.7 (194.6)  15.4 (227.8) ?σ? 25.64 (5.81)  7.85 (1.29) 9.33 (0.70) Completeness (%) 92.4 (68.3) 99.9 (99.1) 99.0 (98.6) Redundancy 17.9 (14.65) 11.86 (12.20) 6.90 (6.74) Wilson B factor 10.13 23.36 39.68 Refinement Resolution (Å) 43.10-1.38 43.06-2.30 47.30-2.10 No. reflections 37 604    10 056    68 227    R_(work)/R_(free) 16.81/17.94 18.26/23.54 17.24/20.43 No. atoms Protein 1248    1122    6766    Ligand/ion 6   6   112    Water 209    129    648    B-factors Protein 15.04 28.68 50.77 Ligand/ion 25.31 53.67 70.35 Water 36.26 45.50 60.13 R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å)  0.005  0.010  0.010 Bond angles (°)  0.91  1.14  1.12 Recombinant Gal10:Fab- Recombinant Recombinant 1D11 Gal10:Fab-6F5 Gal10:Fab-4E8 Beam line ID23-2 (ESRF) ID23-2 (ESRF) Proxima 2A (SOLEIL) Ligands PG4 Ca²⁺, PGE / Crystallization 0.2 M ammonium acetate 0.04 M CaCl2, 0.2 M ammonium conditions 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 0.04 M sodium formate, nitrate 4.0 0.1 M PIPES pH 7.0 20% PEG₃₃₅₀ 15% PEG₄₀₀₀ 8% PEG Smear High cryo 25% PEG₄₀₀ 25% PEG₄₀₀ 20% PEG₄₀₀ Data collection wavelength   0.87313   0.87313    0.980058 Space group P 21 21 21 C 2 2 21 P 21 Cell dimensions a, b, c (Å) 61.63, 89.22, 249.27 59.01, 146.19, 185.70 41.33, 150.45, 94.50 α, β, γ (°) 90.00, 90.00, 90.00 90.00, 90.00, 90.00 90.00, 96.31, 90.00 Resolution (Å) 50.00-1.90 (2.02-1.90)  50.00-1.91 (2.02-1.91)  50.00-3.39 (3.60-3.39)  R_(meas)  23.4 (137.0)  23.6 (215.1)  21.9 (107.0) I/σI 6.72 (1.30) 7.67 (1.00) 5.09 (1.05) Completeness (%) 99.1 (94.6) 99.7 (98.3) 98.4 (98.1) Redundancy 6.40 (5.99) 12.85 (11.44) 3.22 (3.33) Wilson B factor 20.09 25.08 81.87 Refinement Resolution (Å) 46.97-1.90 47.24-1.91 46.97-3.39 No. reflections 107 597     63 022    15 645    R_(work)/R_(free) 17.47/22.34 16.61/20.11 31.74/34.44 No. atoms Protein 8812    4452    8344    Ligand/ion 13   11   / Water 1457    835    / B-factors Protein 26.14 38.06 133.84  Ligand/ion 65.21 71.99 / Water 40.34 52.48 / R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å)  0.010  0.010  0.008 Bond angles (°) 1.14  1.09  1.16

Example 15. Production of Additional Galectin-10 Antibodies

Additional galectin-10 antibodies were selected by bio-panning against human and cynomolgus galectin-10 and screened by ELISA and BLI for binding to galectin-10 (human and cynomolgus).

The sequences of the three cynomolgus galectin-10 isoforms (WGS, REF and YRT) are shown below together with the human sequence.

Human: MSLLPVPYTEAASLSTGSTVTIKGRPLACFLNEPYLQVDFHTEMKEESDIVFHFQVCFGRRVVMNSRE WGS: MSLLSVPHTESVSLSTGSTVTIKGRPLVCFLNEPHLQVDFHTEMKEDSDIAFHFQVYFGNRVVMNSRE REF: MSLLSVPHTESVSLSTGSTVTIKGRPLVCFFNEPHLQVDFHTEMKEDSDIAFHFQVYFGNRVVMNSRE YRT: MSLLSVPHTESVSLSTGSTVTIEARPLVCFFNEPHLQVDFHTEMKEDSDIAFHFQVYFGNRVVMNSRE YGAWKQQVESKNMPFQDGQEFELSISVLPDKYQVMVNGQSSYTFDHRIKPEAVKMVQVWRDISLTKENVSYLKR FKIWKEEVESKNMPFQDGQEFELSILVLEDKYQVMVNGQAYYNFNHRIPVSSVKMVQVWRDISLTKENVSN--- FKIWKEEVESKNMPFQDGQEFELSILVLEDKYQVMVNGQAYYNENHRIPVSSVKMVQVWRDISLTKENVSN--- YRTWKEEVESKNMPFQDGQEFELRILVLEDKYQVMVNGQAYYNFNHRIPVSSVKMVQVWRDISLTKENVSN--- (Human: SEQ ID NO: 141; WGS: SEQ ID NO: 267; REF: SEQ ID NO: 268; YRT: SEQ ID NO: 269)

Sequence analysis of the human and the 3 cynomolgus isoforms revealed the following:

-   -   The isoforms of cynomolgus galectin-10 show 78-81% identity to         human galectin-10;     -   The WGS and the REF isoform differ by a single amino acid at         position 31 (F/L);     -   The YRT isoform shows 6 different amino acids compared to the         REF isoform at position 23 (K/E), 24 (G/R), 69 (F/Y), 70 (K/R),         71 (1/T) and 92 (S/R);     -   Only the YRT isoform has a Tyrosine residue at position 69, as         in the human.

Eleven scFv clones that showed binding to galectin-10 were sequenced and reformatted as human Fc fusion molecules, as described in Example 8.

A. Screening of the scFv by ELISA and Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) Technology

(i) ELISA Analysis

The binding capacity of the scFv (periplasmic extract) to human galectin-10 and the 2 available isoforms of cynomolgus galectin-10 (WGS and REF) was analyzed on ELISA binding. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with 1 μg/mL of human galectin-10-His or cynomolgus WGS or REF isoform galectin-10-His, then blocked with PBS 1% casein, before being incubated with the periplasmic extract (dilution 1/5 in PBS 0.1% Casein) containing the scFv-Myc tagged. Detection of the binder was carried out with an anti-Myc-HRP antibody (Bethyl, Catalog A190-105P). Then TMB substrate was added and the reaction was stopped with 0.5M H₂SO₄.

Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. Finally, the raw data (OD values) were plotted using GraphPad Prism 7.01 and are shown in FIG. 13 . The number of binders, defined by an OD value higher than 0.5, per MP plate and per library was determined. A blank control and negative control (scFv periplasmic extract binding to irrelevant target) were included and showed, as expected, no binding.

The results showed that a significant number of scFv binding to human or cynomolgus galectin-10 were isolated after the last round of selection. However, significant difference in the enrichment of human cynomolgus binders (REF and WGS isoforms) was observed between master plates, with 10.6-87% of human binders and 0-92.6% of cynomolgus WGS & REF isoforms binders. For both llamas, the Lambda library showed clearly higher percentage of scFv binding to human or cynomolgus galectin-10 than the kappa library. It was particularly the case for the library 1K that showed 0-4% of cynomolgus binders (WGS and REF isoforms). In opposition the library 1 L and 2 L showed 76-92.6% human cynomolgus binders, indicating that the lambda library may be the mean provider of human cynomolgus cross reactive binders. Master plates generated from the condition where acidic pH elution was applied (MP07 and MP08) also showed relatively high percentage of human and cynomolgus binders with 0-60.9% of binders for the Kappa libraries and 76.1-89.1% of binders for the Lambda libraries. As expected and due to their extremely close homology a general trend scFv showed similar binding to the WGS and the REF isoform of the cynomolgus galectin-10-His.

TABLE 18 ELISA binding screening of the scFv periplasmic extracts from MP generated after selection. MP number Library Galectin-10-His Hits % Hits MP07 1K human 24 52.2 cynomolgus_WGS 1 2.2 cynomolgus_REF 0 0.0 1L human 41 89.1 cynomolgus_WGS 41 89.1 cynomolgus_REF 41 89.1 MP08 2K human 5 10.9 cynomolgus_WGS 28 60.9 cynomolgus_REF 28 60.9 2L human 35 76.1 cynomolgus_WGS 36 78.3 cynomolgus_REF 38 82.6 MP09 1K human 58 61.7 cynomolgus_WGS 0 0.0 cynomolgus_REF 4 4.3 MP10 1L human 82 87.2 cynomolgus_WGS 87 92.6 cynomolgus_REF 87 92.6 MP11 2L human 76 80.9 cynomolgus_WGS 80 85.1 cynomolgus_REF 79 84.0 MP12 2K human 10 10.6 cynomolgus_WGS 59 62.8 cynomolgus_REF 59 62.8

(ii) BLI Analysis

From the six Master plates generated during selection, 321 clones that showed human and cynomolgus binding during the ELISA screening campaign were picked up and their binding capacity was tested on BLI, using the Octet RED96. Briefly, human and cynomolgus WGS or REF isoforms of galectin-10-His tagged were diluted in Kinetic buffer (PBS 0.01% BSA 0.002% Tween 20) at 200 μg/mL before being captured on Anti-Penta His 1K sensor tips (ForteBio, Cat #18-5120) until an immobilization level of 1 nm was reached. Then, diluted periplasmic extracts (1/5 in Kinetic buffer), containing the scFv clone, were applied and association/dissociation to immobilized galectin-10-His was measured using the ForteBio Data analysis 9.0 software (subtraction of the reference Tips, 1.1 binding model). During the screening, only the dissociation (off-rate) of the scFv could be determined since the effective concentration of the scFv was unknown and can vary a lot from clone to clone. The results confirmed that most of the selected scFv clones show human cynomolgus cross-reactivity (see FIG. 14 ).

B. Characterization of the scFv-Human Fc Panel

ELISA and SPR with a T3000 Biacore were used to assess the binding properties of the scFv-human Fc panel.

(i) ELISA Analysis

In a similar setup to that used during the initial screening, the relative binding properties of the 11 new scFv-human Fc clones were analyzed by ELISA. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with human or cynomolgus WGS or YRT isoforms of galectin-10-His at 0.2 μg/mL and blocked with PBS 1% casein, before being incubated with a serial dilution of the scFv-human Fc fusion molecules (from 100 nM, dilution 1/5, 8 points of dilutions). After several washing steps, detection of the bound scFv-human Fc was carried out with an anti-human Fc-HRP antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Catalog 109-035-008). Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. Finally, the raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01. The EC50 values of each clone, calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)) are reported in Table 19 below. As a positive control, clone 6F05 from the previous galectin-10 antibody panel was included.

TABLE 19 ELISA binding characteristics of the panel of scFv-human Fc galectin-10 antibodies Clone cynoGal10- cynoGal10- (scFv- humanGal10-His His_WGS His_YRT human (0.2 μg/mL) (0.2 μg/mL) (0.2 μg/mL) Fc) Bmax EC50 (nM) Bmax EC50 (nM) Bmax EC50 (nM) 7B07 0.6 1.11 0.6 0.82 0.0 No binding 7C05 1.0 0.67 1.5 ambiguous 2.1 2.53 7D10 1.5 ambiguous 2.3 ambiguous 2.3 ambiguous 7E09 2.0 1.48 2.9 1.66 2.3 1.64 8H11 2.3 0.18 3.1 0.13 3.1 0.10 10A06 1.2 0.08 2.5 0.10 3.0 0.04 10B02 2.2 0.09 3.3 0.05 3.2 0.05 10D02 1.9 0.56 3.1 1.12 2.0 1.40 10H06 1.9 0.63 2.9 0.90 2.4 0.96 11F02 1.5 0.77 2.5 ambiguous 2.5 ambiguous 11F12 1.8 0.56 3.1 0.23 3.0 0.24 6F05 2.4 0.02 0.3 ambiguous 0.3 ambiguous

The binding of the scFv-human Fc panel to coated human and cynomolgus galectin-10 showed a relative binding capacity ranging from 0.08-1.48 nM on human and 0.04-2.53 nM on cynomolgus WGS and YRT isoforms of galectin-10. The following observations were made:

-   -   The positive control clone 6F05 showed the best relative binding         capacity of the scFv panel against the human target (0.02 nM         EC50 value and 2.4 OD value as Bmax). However, this clone showed         weak binding to both cynomolgus isoforms (ambiguous fitting and         Bmax equal to 0.3 OD value).     -   Clones 10 Å06, 10B02 and 8H11 showed the best relative binding         capacity, with EC50 values between 0.08-0.18 nM against human         galectin-10 and 0.04-0.13 nM against both isoforms of cynomolgus         galectin-10.     -   With the exception of clone 7C05, the rest of the scFv-human Fc         panel showed similar binding profiles on the 2 isoforms of         cynomolgus galectin-10.

(ii) SPR Analysis

The binding properties of the scFv-human Fc panel to galectin-10 were analyzed on the Biacore T3000. For this purpose, a CM5 Chip was coated with polyclonal anti-human Fc at 8000 RU, then a fixed concentration of the scFv-human Fc panel (1.5 μg/mL) were captured to reach a binding signal around 150 RU. Finally, a serial dilution of human or cynomolgus WGS isoform of galectin-10-His (serial dilution, 1 over 2 from 5 μg/mL, 6 points of dilution) was injected. Raw data were analyzed via BIA evaluation software with a blank subtraction (4-3). Finally, the kd/KD and Rmax of each scFv-human Fc to galectin-10-His was determined using the Fit Kinetics simultaneous ka/kd/Binding with mass transfer/Local Rmax on BIA evaluation software. The results are shown in the table below.

TABLE 20 Characterisation of the binding properties of the panel of scFv-human Fc galectin-10 antibodies on Biacore T3000 Biacore binding (capture approach) of scFv-human Fc to humanGal10-His cynoGal10-His_WGS ka kd ka kd (1/Ms) (1/s) KD (1/Ms) (1/s) KD Name E05 E−04 Rmax (nM) E05 E−04 Rmax (nM) 007B07 15.0 12.4 90.0 0.8 500.0 766.0 37.0 1.5 007C05 9.9 12.4 31.0 1.3 3.8 1.4 10.0 0.4 007D10 7.9 22.2 28.0 2.8 1.8 5.8 35.0 3.2 007E09 5.4 19.0 19.0 3.5 4.9 17.4 14.0 3.6 008H11 4.53 8.2 55 1.8 17.5 16.1 41 0.9 010A06 9.1 2.5 42.0 0.3 6.6 3.5 27.0 0.5 010B02 5.0 8.1 39.0 1.6 7.7 8.0 52.0 1.0 010D02 3.4 6.6 39.0 2.0 4.5 12.2 24.0 2.7 010H06 3.2 5.6 40.0 1.8 3.4 26.2 15.0 7.8 011F02 3.7 20.3 22.0 5.4 2.4 18.5 21.0 7.9 011F12 3.2 7.2 40.0 2.3 75.4 112.0 35.0 1.5

In line with the ELISA binding data reported above, the panel of scFv-human Fc fusions showed diverse binding properties to both human and cynomolgus WGS isoform of galectin-10-His. The following observations were made.

-   -   The scFv-human Fc panel showed an affinity between 0.3-5.4 nM on         human galectin-10-His and 0.5-7.9 nM on cynomolgus WGS isoform         of galectin-10-His.     -   The clones 10 Å06, 7B07 and 7C05 showed the highest affinity         (0.3 nM up to 1.3 nM, respectively), with off-rates of         2.5^(E-04) s⁻¹ up to 12.4^(E-04) s⁻¹ on human galectin-1O-His.         Clone 7B07 showed the fastest on-rate (15^(E05) 1/Ms) and Rmax         (90 RU) of this panel.     -   The scFv-human Fc panel showed a 2-fold lower Rmax on cynomolgus         galectin-10-His compared to human target. The clones 7C05, 10         Å06, 8H11 showed the highest affinity (0.4 nM up to 0.9 nM,         respectively), with off-rates of 1.4^(E-04) s⁻¹ up to 8^(E-04)         s⁻¹ on cynomolgus WGS isoform of galectin-10-His. Clone 7B07         showed the fastest on-rate (500^(E05) 1/Ms) and off-rate         (766^(E-04)) of the panel.

C. Reformatting of Selected scFv Clones into a Mouse IaG1 Backbone

Seven selected leads, as shown in the table below, were re-cloned into a mouse IgG1 backbone for further characterization.

TABLE 21 Panel of scFv clones reformatted into a mouse IgG1 backbone Biacore on human Biacore on cyno bELISA bELISA bELISA Gal10 Gal10 WGS Clone hGal10 cynoGal10- cynoGal10- ka kd ka kd ScFv- VH VL EC50 WGS YRT (1/Ms) (1/s) KD (1/Ms) (1/s) KD hFc Family Family (nM) EC50 (nM) EC50 (nM) E05 E−04 (nM) E05 E−04 (nM) 007B07 2  9 1.11 0.82 No binding 15.0 12.4 0.8 500.0 766.0 1.5 008H11 7 10 0.18 0.13 0.10 4.53 8.2 1.8 17.5 16.1 0.9 010A06 12  34 0.08 0.10 0.04 9.1 2.5 0.3 6.6 3.5 0.5 010B02 5 26 0.09 0.05 0.05 5.0 8.1 1.6 7.7 8.0 1.0 010D02 6  17* 0.56 1.12 1.40 3.4 6.6 2.0 4.5 12.2 2.7 011F02  7b 33 0.77 10.41 ambiguous 3.7 20.3 5.4 2.4 18.5 7.9 011F12 7 16 0.56 0.23 0.24 3.2 7.2 2.3 75.4 112.0 1.5

The CDR, VH and VL sequences of these seven antibodies are shown in Tables 32, 33 and 34 below.

For the reformatting, the VH and the VL regions of each clone were PCR amplified and cloned in frame into an expression vector encoding the mouse IgG1 constant domains.

The production of the mouse IgG1 anti-galectin-10 was carried out by transfection with a ratio of 1 heavy chain for 3 light chains incorporated in HEK293E cells via the polyethylenimine (PEI). After 6 days of production, mouse monoclonal antibodies were purified from the cell supernatant using the protein-A sepharose beads. Finally, SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out to assess the purity and the integrity of the antibodies (MW equal to 150 kDa).

Example 16. Characterization of the Galectin-10 Antibodies in Mouse IqG1 Format A. Characterization of the Binding Properties of the Galectin-10 Mouse IqG1 Panel

(i) ELISA Analysis

In a similar setup to that used during the characterization of the scFv-human Fc molecules, the relative binding properties of the 7 mouse IgG1 antibodies were analyzed by ELISA. A Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with 0.5 μg/mL of human or cynomolgus WGS or YRT isoform of galectin-10-His. Then a serial dilution of each clone (from 100 nM, dilution 1/4, 12 points of dilutions) was incubated on coated galectin-10. After several washing steps, detection of the bound mouse IgG1 was carried out with an anti-mouse Fc-HRP antibody (DAMPO, Jackson ImmunoResearch, Catalog 715-035-150). Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. The raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01. The EC50 values for each antibody, calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)), are shown in the table below. Antibody 1D11 from the previous panel was included for comparison.

TABLE 22 Characterization of the binding properties of the mouse IgG1 panel by ELISA cynoGal10- cynoGal10- humanGal10-His His_WGS His_YRT Clones (0.5 μg/mL) (0.5 μg/mL) (0.5 μg/mL) (mouse OD EC50 OD EC50 OD IgG1) values (nM) values (nM) values EC50 (nM) 1D11 2.0 0.10 0.05 n.d 0.03 n.d 7B07 0.4 0.57 3.22 0.06 0.01 n.d 8H11 1.5 1.46 3.61 0.03 2.97 0.30 10A06 0.3 0.63 3.69 0.03 3.38 0.06 10B02 1.4 2.28 3.70 0.04 3.36 0.14 10D02 2.7 3.55 3.51 0.14 2.63 ambiguous 11F02 0.9 3.08 3.29 0.60 1.70 ambiguous 11F12 2.7 4.83 3.69 0.05 3.35 0.21

The following observations were made.

-   -   The new panel of mouse IgG1 anti-galectin-10 antibodies showed a         relative binding capacity in ELISA between 0.57 nM to 4.83 nM         against human galectin-10, 0.03 nM to 0.14 nM against cynomolgus         WGS isoform and 0.06 nM to 0.21 nM against cynomolgus YRT         isoform, respectively.     -   Clone 1D11 showed the best relative binding capacity against         human galectin-10 (0.10 nM EC50 value) but no binding to the         cynomolgus galectin-10.     -   Against human galectin-10, clones 7B07, 10 Å06 and 8H11 showed         the best relative binding capacity with an EC50 value between         0.57 nM and 1.46 nM. Against the WGS isoform of galectin-10,         clones 8H11, 10 Å06 and 10B02 were found to be the best binders,         with EC50 values between 0.03 nM and 0.04 nM, 18-53-fold more         potent compared to the human target.     -   Finally, clones 10 Å06, 10B02 and 11F12 showed the best relative         binding capacity against the YRT isoform of the cynomolgus         galectin-10-His, with EC50 values between 0.06 nM and 0.21 nM.

(ii) SPR Analysis

The binding capacity of the mouse IgG1 antibody panel to galectin-10 was analysed on Biacore T3000. For this purpose, a capture approach was used, where a fixed concentration (1.5 μg/mL) of the mouse IgG1 clone was captured by polyclonal anti-mouse Fc antibodies immobilized on CM5 Chip to reach a binding signal around 150 RU. Then a serial dilution of human and cynomolgus WGS isoform of galectin-10-His (serial dilution, 1 over 2 from 5 μg/mL) diluted in HBS-EP pH7.4 was injected. Raw data were analysed via BIA evaluation software with a blank subtraction. The kd/KD and Rmax of each mAbs to galectin-10-His was determined using the Fit Kinetics simultaneous ka/kd/Binding with mass transfer/Local Rmax on BIA evaluation software.

TABLE 23 Characterization of the binding properties of the mouse IgG1 panel by Biacore T3000 Biacore binding (capture approach) of mouse IgG1 to: Clone humanGal10-His cynoGal10-His_WGS (mouse ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) ka (1/Ms) kd (1/s) IgG1) E05 E−04 Rmax KD (nM) E05 E−04 Rmax KD (nM) 1D11 127 93.1 68 0.7 n.d n.d 7 n.d 7B07 27.8 39 65 1.4 454 660 24 1.5 8H11 23.1 19.7 50 0.9 1.7 7.54 30 4.4 10A06 117 101 39 0.9 129 147 21 1.1 10B02 14.2 20.5 37 1.5 4.94 4.2 40 0.9 10D02 5.47 8.65 37 1.6 4.77 9.12 21 1.9 11F02 22.7 48.9 24 2.2 3.94 19.8 17 5.0 11F12 30.4 22.4 37 0.7 4.94 5.94 30 1.2

The following observations were made.

-   -   In this setup, the 7 human cynomolgus cross reactive clones         showed an affinity in a nanomolar up to sub-nanomolar range         against human and cynomolgus galectin-10 (WGS isoform), with an         off rate ranging between 4.2×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ and 660×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹.     -   For both human and cynomolgus galectin-10-His, clones 8H11, 10         Å06 and 11F12 showed the best binding capacity with an affinity         between 0.7 nM and 0.9 nM for the human target and between 0.9         nM and 1.2 nM for the cynomolgus antigen (WGS isoform).     -   Clone 1D11 was found to be one of the best binders to human         galectin-10 (affinity equal to 0.7 nM) but showed no/low binding         to the cynomolgus antigen (Rmax equal to 7 RU).

B. Dissolution of Recombinant Human CLC Crystals In Vitro

The dissolution of CLCs induced by the anti-galectin-10 mouse IgG1 clones was monitored using a spinning disk confocal microscope. Briefly, the solution containing human CLCs was spotted in a p-slide wells plate before being incubated with a fixed concentration (50 μM) of the mouse IgG1 anti-galectin-10 antibodies. Finally, for each well, imaging positions were defined, and each position was imaged every 3-5 minutes for a total of 120 minutes. Finally, based on software, the surface occupied by the CLC was determined, and the initial area covered by the CLC at the beginning of the experiment was defined as 1. As a negative control, a mouse IgG1 isotype control was included. The overall size of the CLC were measured overtime and plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01 (see FIG. 15 ). The EC50 and EC90 values of each mouse IgG1 clone were calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)) and are reported in the table below.

TABLE 24 Dissolution of galectin-10 crystals in vitro Concentration 50% dissolution 90% dissolution (μM) Clones Format (min) (min) 50 1D11 mIgG1 30.1 56.7 7B07 13.2 44.4 8H11 22.4 43.5 10A06 44.5 86.6 10B02 25.1 47.4 10D02 26.5 58.6 11F02 25.5 57.5 11F12 21.3 42.6

Example 17. Characterization of the Galectin-10 Antibodies in Fab Format A. Generation of the Fab Clones and bELISA Data

In order to determine the exact epitope of the seven galectin-10 mouse IgG1 antibodies on galectin-10, a crystallography study was initiated. For this purpose, the seven anti-galectin-10 antibodies characterised in Example 16 above were produced as Fabs.

For this, the VH and the VL of each clone were PCR amplified using specific primers, purified by electrophoresis, digested with restriction enzymes (BsmBi) and ligated in the pre-digested vectors containing the human constant domains: the human lambda constant domain for the VL (pUPEX116.9) or the CH1 constant domain for the VH (pUPEX86, including part of the hinge region). The transformation of each of the ligated products was carried out into Top10 bacteria by heat shock and the cells were transferred onto agarose plates with Ampicillin (resistance gene of the vectors). After one night of incubation, ligated products showed high numbers of single colonies whereas no colonies were observed for the negative controls (empty vectors). Per clones (VH and VL), four to eight colonies were picked and sent for sequencing. The clones that showed the correct insert were selected and amplified in order to purify the DNA sequence (MidiPrep).

The production of the seven Fab lead clones was initiated in mammalian cells. Transfection was performed with a ratio of 1 heavy chain for 3 light chains incorporated in HEK293E cells via the polyethylenimine (PEI). After 10 days of production, human Fab were purified from the cell supernatant using the Capture Select IgG-CH1 sepharose beads. Finally, SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out to assess the purity and integrity of the Fab molecules (MW-55 kDa).

The binding capacity of the lead anti-galectin-10 Fabs was tested by binding ELISA. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with 1 μg/mL of human galectin-10-His. Then a serial dilution of each clone (from 4 μM, dilution 1/4, 12 points of dilutions) was incubated on coated galectin-10. After several washing steps, detection of the bound Fab was carried out with an anti-human IgG Fab specific-peroxidase. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. The results are shown in Table 25 below.

The ELISA binding data showed that the Fabs could be separated into 3 groups based on their binding capacity to coated human galectin-10-His:

-   -   Group 1: Clones 8H111, 10D02 and 11F12 were found as the best         binders with the highest relative binding capacity (16-24 nM)         and Bmax (0.74-1.3 OD values).     -   Group 2: Clone 7B07 showed a relatively good binding capacity         with an EC50 value equal to 24 nM and max binding capacity equal         to 0.65 OD values, but showed a slow hill slope, suggesting         another binding interaction with galectin-10.     -   Group 3: The less potent binders with the lowest relative         binding capacity (61-90 nM) and Bmax (0.36-0.74 OD values),         included clones 10B02, 10 Å06 and 11F02.     -   With a relative binding capacity equal to 1.4 nM, the clone 1D11         showed the best binding capacity to human galectin-10,         consistent with the full mAb data.

TABLE 25 Characterization of the binding properties of the galectin-10 Fabs bELISA on galectin-10-His coated at 1 μg/mL Bmax EC50 (nM) 1D11 1.59 1.4 7B07 0.65 24.4 8H11 0.95 24.3 10A06 0.36 89.5 10B02 0.74 61.2 10D02 1.03 16.1 11F02 0.46 81.4 11F12 1.375 22.4

B. Crystal Structure of Galectin-10 Fab Fragments in Complex with Galectin-10

The crystal structure of different Fab fragments in complex with galectin-10 was obtained as described in Example 12. The results are shown in FIG. 16 . These structures show that clones 8H111, 1D11, 4E8, 6F5, 10D2 and 11F12 bind to tyrosine 69 (Y69), or an epitope in close proximity of Y69, whereas 7B7 binds to the opposite side of the galectin-10 dimer.

The residues of galectin-10 involved in the binding of the galectin-10 Fabs to the galectin-10 dimer are shown in Table 26 below.

TABLE 26 Residues of galectin-10 that make a direct interaction with the CDRs of the galectin-10 Fabs Galectin-10 residues interacting with clone VH VL 1D11 42, 49, 68, 69, 73, 115-117, 69, 70, 71 and 73 119-120 6F5 43, 49, 68, 69, 114-117, 119-120 73, 98, 113-115 and 117 4E8 74, 113-115 49, 68, 69, 73, 98, 115-117 8H11 33, 59, 60, 78-82 and 109 60, 74, 75, 77 and 79 11F12 33, 59, 60, 72, 79-82, 84 and 109 74, 75, 76, 77 and 79 10B02 33, 59, 60, 77-84 74, 75, 76, 77 and 79 10D02 31, 33, 59, 60, 78-82 and 84 79 7B7 2-5, 7-11, 25, 44, 88, 123, 125, 2, 23, 25, 86-90, 105 133 and 135 and 134

The galectin-10 Fab CDR residues involved in binding to the galectin-10 dimer are shown in Table 27 below.

TABLE 27 CDR residues of the Fabs that make contact with residues of the galectin-10 dimer in the crystal structure Galectin-10 Galectin-10 CDR residues residues CDR residues residues Clone Fab1 (Monomer A) Fab2 (Monomer B) 1D11 VH CDR1 - 31 42, 49, 68, 69, CDR1 - 31 42, 49, 68, 69, CDR2 - 53 73, 115-117, CDR2 - 53 73, 115-117, CDR3 - 102-107 119-120 CDR3 - 102- 119-120 107 VL CDR1 - 31 and 34 69, 70, 71, 73 CDR1 - 31 and 69, 70, 71, 73 CDR3 - 93 and 97 34 CDR3 - 93, 96 and 97 6F5 VH CDR1 - 2, 27, 31 43, 49, 68, 69, CDR1 - 2, 27, 43, 49, 68, 69, and 32 114-117, 119- 31 and 32 114-117, 119- CDR3 - 98, 99, 102- 120 CDR3 - 98, 99, 120 105, 107, 110 102-105, 107, 110 VL CDR1 - 33 and 34 73, 98, 113-115 CDR1 - 33 and 73, 98, 113-115 CDR2 - 51, 52, 55 and 117 34 and 117 and 58 CDR2 - 51, 52, 55 and 58 4E8 VH CDR2 - 60 74, 113-115 CDR2 - 60 74, 113-115 CDR3 - 105, 107 CDR3 - 104, and 109 105, 107 and 109 VL CDR1 - 26, 28-31 49, 68, 69, 73, CDR1 - 26, 28- 49, 68, 69, 73, CDR2 - 49 98, 115-117 31 98, 115-117 CDR3 - 91-94 CDR3 - 91-94 7B07 VH CDR1 - 30 and 31 2, 3, 25, 88 and CDR1 - 30 and 4, 5, 7-11, 44, CDR2 - 53-57 133 31 123, 125, 135 CDR3 - 100, 102- CDR2 - 53-57 105 CDR3 - 100, 102-104 VL CDR1 - 26, 28-31 2, 23, 25, 86-90, CDR1 - 26, 28- 2, 23, 25, 86-90, CDR2 - 48, 50, 51 105 and 134 31 105, 134 CDR3 - 65, 91-93 CDR2 - 48, 50, 51 CDR3 - 65, 91- 93 8H11 VH CDR1 - 31-33 33, 59, 60, 78- CDR1 - 30-33 33, 59, 60, 78- CDR2 - 52-54, 56, 82 and 109 CDR2 - 52-54, 82 and 109 57 and 59 56, 57 and 59 CDR3 - 99-101 CDR3 - 100 and 101 VL CDR1 - 31, 32 and 60, 74, 75, 77 CDR1 - 31, 32 60, 74, 75, 77 34 and 79 and 34 and 79 CDR3 - 93 and 97 CDR3 - 93 and 97 11F12 VH CDR1 - 30-33 33, 59, 60, 72, CDR1 - 30-33 33, 59, 60, 78- CDR2 - 52-54, 56 79-82, 84 and CDR2 - 52-54, 82 and 109 and 57 109 57 CDR3 - 99-101 CDR3 - 99-101 VL CDR1 32 and 34 74, 75, 76, 77 CDR1 - 32 and 74, 75, 77 and CDR3 97 and 79 34 79, CDR3 - 97 10B02 VH CDR1 - 31-33 33, 59, 60, 70, CDR1 - 31 and 33, 59, 60, 70, CDR2 - 52-54, 56, 72, 77-82, 84 33 72, 77-82, 84 57 and 59 CDR2 - 53-54, CDR3 - 99-102 56, 57 and 59 CDR3 - 99-102 VL CDR1 - 31, 32 and 74, 75, 76, 77 CDR1 -30, 31, 74, 75, 76, 77 34 and 79 32 and 34 and 79 CDR3 - 93 and 97 CDR3 - 93 and 97 10D02 VH CDR1 - 28, 30-33 31, 33, 59, 60, CDR1 - 28, 30- 31, 33, 59, 60, CDR2 - 53-57 70, 72, 78-82, 33 70, 72, 78-82, CDR3 - 99-101 84, CDR2 - 52-54, 84, 56 and 57 CDR3 - 99-103 VL CDR3 - 97 79 CDR3 - 97 2, 79

Example 18. Comparison of CLC Dissolution by Galectin-10 mAbs and Fab Fragments

The ability of the galectin-10 Fabs to solubilize pre-existing recombinant human galectin-10 crystals in vitro was compared with the galectin-10 mAbs. The protocol was as described in Example 16 above.

The results are shown in FIG. 17 and also in the table below. In some cases, the Fab fragments were more effective at dissolving the CLCs than the corresponding mAbs.

TABLE 28 CLC dissolution mediated by galectin-10 mAbs and Fabs 50% crystal 90% crystal dissolution dissolution Concentration (μM) Clone Format (min) (min) 50 7B07 mIgG1 31.76 93.02 8H11 68.29 >120 10A06 >120 >120 10B02 73.66 >120 11F12 65.43 >120 1D11 100 >120 50 7B07 hFab 15.09 54.14 8H11 48.53 >120 10A06 49.15 >120 10B02 102.2 >120 10D02 59.67 >120 11F02 77.86 >120 11F12 61.96 >120 1D11 33.42 97.85

Example 19. Production of VHH Antibodies that Bind to Galectin-10

Two llamas were immunized with recombinant human galectin-10. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was purified from the PBMCs isolated from the blood of the immunized llamas. The mRNA was reverse transcribed with random hexamer primers to obtain cDNA. Tagged primers were used directly on the cDNA to PCR amplify the VHH region. The PCR product was then purified, digested and cloned in the phagemid vector (VHH-Myc-His tagged) to create a VHH library.

To select VHH clones with the appropriate binding capacity to both human and cynomolgus galectin-10, a bio-panning approach was used. For this purpose, the first round of selection was carried out against human galectin-10-His, followed by a second round of enrichment against human or cynomolgus WGS or YRT isoforms (His tag). Briefly, human or cynomolgus (WGS or YRT isoform) galectin-10-His was immobilized on Maxisorp ELISA plate, then the VHH phage library (Input) was added. Unbound phages were removed via multiple washing steps. Finally, E. coli infection was carried out in order to amplify the selected phages. This process resulted in the enrichment of the phage population expressing VHH with high affinity against human and cynomolgus galectin-10.

From the eluted phages of round 2, versus 0.5 and 0.05 μg/mL of human, cynomolgus WGS isoform and cynomolgus YRT isoform of galectin-10, single clones were generated. Periplasmic extracts containing the VHH clone anti-human and cynomolgus galectin-10 were screened for binding capacity on ELISA and BioLayer Interferometry (BLI).

The binding capacity of the VHH (periplasmic extract) to human and cynomolgus (WGS and YRT isoforms) galectin-10 was analysed by ELISA. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with 1 μg/mL of human galectin-10-His or cynomolgus WGS or YRT isoform galectin-10-His, then blocked with PBS 1% casein, before being incubated with the periplasmic extract (dilution 1/5 in PBS 0.1% casein) containing the VHH-Myc tagged. Detection of the binders was carried out with an anti-Myc-HRP antibody (Bethyl, Catalog A190-105P). TMB substrate was then added and the reaction was stopped with 0.5 M H₂SO₄. Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. Finally, the raw data (OD values) were plotted using GraphPad Prism 7.01 and are shown in FIG. 18 . The number of binders, defined by an OD value higher than 0.5, per MP plate was determined. A blank control and negative control (VHH periplasmic extract binding to irrelevant target) were included and showed, as expected, no binding.

TABLE 29 Characterization of the VHH periplasmic extracts by ELISA screening MP number Antigen Hits % Hits MP13 human Gal10HIS 51 53.1 cyno 57 59.4 Gal10HIS_WGS cyno 67 69.8 Gal10HIS_YRT MP14 human Gal10HIS 14 14.6 cyno 13 13.5 Gal10HIS_WGS cyno 34 35.4 Gal10HIS_YRT

In addition to the binding ELISA, BLI was used to screen for galectin-10-binding clones.

From the two Master plates generated during selection, 130 clones that showed human and cynomolgus binding during the ELISA screening campaign were picked and their binding capacity was tested on BLI, using the Octet RED96. Briefly, human and cynomolgus WGS or YRT isoforms of galectin-10-His tagged were diluted in Kinetic buffer (PBS 0.01% BSA 0.002% Tween 20) at 200 μg/mL before being captured on Anti-Penta His 1K sensor tips (ForteBio, Cat #18-5120) until an immobilization level of 1 nm was reached. Then, diluted periplasmic extracts (1/5 in Kinetic buffer) containing the VHH clones were applied and association/dissociation to immobilized galectin-10-His was measured using the ForteBio Data analysis 9.0 software (subtraction of the reference Tips (loaded up to 1 nm with irrelevant His tagged protein, 1.1 binding model)). During the screening, only the dissociation (off-rate) of the VHH could be determined since the effective concentration of the VHH was unknown and can vary a lot from clone to clone. The results are shown in FIG. 19 and confirm that most of the selected VHH clones showed human cynomolgus cross reactivity.

Selected VHH clones that showed binding to galectin-10 were sent for sequencing. Based on their CDR1-2-3 VHH sequences, each clone was classified into a family. This process resulted in the determination of 44 families. Based on their screening binding data (ELISA and BLI) and their sequences, 15 VHH clones were selected for further characterization. Production of purified VHH was initiated in E. coli. For this purpose, selected VHH were first grown in 2TY medium with low amount of glucose and production of the VHH was induced by an overnight incubation with IPTG (1 mM). The next day, the bacteria pellets were lysed by two cycles of freeze/thaw (−80° C. and −20° C.). After centrifugation, VHH-His tagged were purified from the cell supernatant using the Talon Metal affinity Resin (BD Catalog 635504). Finally, SDS-PAGE analysis was done to assess the purity and the integrity of the VHH molecules (MW-15 kDa).

The CDR and VHH domain sequences of the 15 clones selected for further characterization are shown in Tables 35 and 36 below.

Example 20. Characterization of VHH Antibodies that Bind to Galectin-10 A. Binding of VHH Clones to Galectin-10 as Measured by ELISA

The binding capacity of the 15 VHH clones was analysed by ELISA. Briefly, a Maxisorp plate was coated overnight with human or cynomolgus WGS or YRT isoforms galectin-10-His at 1 μg/mL and blocked with PBS 1% casein, before being incubated with a serial dilution of the VHH (from 4 μM, dilution 1/3, 12 points of dilutions). After several washing steps, detection of the bound VHH was carried out with an anti-Myc-HRP antibody (Bethyl, Catalog A190-105P). Absorbance was measured at 450 nm (reference at 620 nm) with Tecan instrument. Finally, the raw data (OD values) were plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01. The EC50 values of each compound, calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)) was reported in Table 27 below. As a positive control, clone 1D06 from the previous human specific panel was included. The results are shown in Table 30.

TABLE 30 Characterization of the galectin-10 VHH clones by ELISA bELISA of VHH on coated Gal10-HIS at 1 μg/mL Cyno_YRT Human Cyno_WGS Bmax Clone Bmax (OD Bmax (OD (OD (VHH) values) EC50 (nM) values) EC50 (nM) values) EC50 (nM) 13A05 1.8 69.7 2.7 77.8 2.9 66.3 13B06 1.0 ambiguous 1.4 Ambiguous 2.0 ambiguous 13C03 2.0 30.6 0.1 / 0.1 / 13C04 1.1 ambiguous 2.7 369.1 2.5 ambiguous 13C06 2.8 27.5 2.9 10.3 2.9 16.2 13C07 1.3 106.7 2.9 7.1 2.8 33.2 13C10 1.0 ambiguous 2.3 Ambiguous 2.7 185.8 13D12 0.8 ambiguous 1.3 Ambiguous 2.4 118.9 13E07 1.1 ambiguous 2.3 371.0 2.4 ambiguous 13E09 1.8 105.7 2.3 438.4 3.0 66.9 13G12 1.6 141.0 2.9 11.8 3.1 3.1 13H07 1.5 179.9 2.7 15.6 3.1 1.3 14E02 0.7 ambiguous 1.8 Ambiguous 2.1 ambiguous 14E10 0.5 ambiguous 1.4 Ambiguous 2.7 15.8 14F10 0.5 ambiguous 2.6 60.4 3.0 3.0 1D06 1.2 90.7 0.0 / 0.0 /

The following observations were made:

-   -   Clones 13C06 and 13A05 were the best human cynomolgus cross         reactive binders, with a relative binding capacity equal to         27-30.6 nM EC50 values on human galectin-10 and 10.3-77.8 nM         EC50 values on WGS isoform and 16.2-66.3 nM EC50 values on YRT         isoform of cynomolgus galectin-10.     -   Clones 13C07, 13E09, 13G12 and 13H07 showed a moderate binding         capacity to human galectin-10, with an EC50 values between         105-180 nM, but a strong binding capacity to the cynomolgus         galectin-10, with EC50 values between 7.1-480 nM on WGS isoform         and 1.3-33 nM on YRT isoform.     -   Clone 13C03 showed a strong binding to the human galectin-10,         with a relative binding capacity equal to 30 nM but a weak         binding to the cynomolgus isoforms (Bmax 0.1 OD value).     -   Clone 1D06, isolated from the previous scFv library selected         exclusively against human galectin-10, showed an EC50 value         equal to 90 nM but no cynomolgus cross reactivity.

B. VHH Clones Dissolve Human Recombinant CLCs In Vitro

The CLC dissolution induced by the VHH clone 1D06 was monitored using a spinning disk confocal microscope. Briefly, the solution containing human CLCs was spotted in a p-slide wells plate, before being incubated with a fixed concentration (50 μM or 100 μM) of the VHH antibody 1D06. Finally, for each well, imaging positions were defined, and each position was imaged every 3-5 minutes for a total of 120 minutes. Finally, based on software, the surface occupied by the CLC was determined, and the initial area covered by the CLC at the beginning of the experiment was defined as 1. As a negative control a VHH isotype control was included. The overall size of the CLC were measured overtime and plotted on GraphPad Prism 7.01 (see FIG. 20 ). The EC50 and EC90 values of the VHH clone were calculated with a non-linear regression (log(agonist) vs. response Variable slope (four parameters)) and reported in the table below.

TABLE 31 Dissolution of CLCs by the VHH clone 1D06 50% 90% Concentration dissolution dissolution (μM) Clones Format (min) (min) 50 1D06 VHH 20.1 13.6 100 7.2 43.96

TABLE 32 Heavy chain CDR sequences of scFv antibodies binding to galectin-10 scFv SEQ SEQ ID SEQ clone CDR1 ID NO: CDR2 NO: CDR3 ID NO: 7B07 SYDMS 160 AIKNGGGITYYADSVKG 161 THGIGTLGFGS 162 8H11 TNYMN 163 GITSGGGRTYYADSVKG 164 TDHAWLDA 165 10A06 NYDMS 166 DINSGGGSTYYADSVKG 167 GYTGYYY 168 10B02 YHYMN 169 GISAGGGRTYYADSVKG 170 VHGITNDY 171 10D02 SYYMS 172 GIVTGGGRTHYTDSVKG 173 VNGVVTNYDY 174 11F02 TNYMN 163 GITSHGARTYYADSVKG 175 TDHASLDA 176 11F12 TNYMN 163 GITSGGGRTYYADSVKG 164 TDHAWLDA 165

TABLE 33 Light chain CDR sequences of scFv antibodies binding to galectin-10 SEQ SEQ SEQ scFv ID ID ID clone CDR1 NO: CDR2 NO: CDR3 NO: 7B07 DGNNIGSKSAQ 177 ADEYRPE 178 QVWDGSAAV 179 8H11 AGTSSDVGYGNYVS 180 AVSTRAS 181 ASYRSSNNYV 182 10A06 GLSSGSVTSSNYPA 183 SINSRHS 184 TLYMGTGSNNVV 185 10B02 AGTSSDVGYGNYVS 180 EVNKRAS 186 ASYRNSNNWV 187 10D02 AGTSSDVGYGNYVS 180 DVNKRAS 188 ASYRSPNNVV 189 11F02 GLSSGSVTSSNYPG 190 NTNSRYS 191 ALYMGSSSYNTV 192 11F12 AGTSSDVGYGNYVS 180 AVSTRAS 181 ASYSVRNNVV 193

TABLE 34 VH and VL sequences of scFv antibodies binding to galectin-10 SEQ SEQ scFv  ID ID clone VH NO: VL NO: 7B07 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 194 SYELTQSASVSVALTQTAKITCDGNNIGS 195 FRSYDMSWVRQAPGKGPEWVSAIKNGGG KSAQWYQQKPGQAPALVIYADEYRPEGIP ITYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMN ERFSGSNSGNTATLIISGAQAEDEADYYC SLKPEDTAVYYCATTHGIGTLGFGSWGQ QVWDGSAAVFGRGTHLTVL GTQVTVSS 8H11 ELQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 196 QAGLTQPPSVSGTLGKTVTISCAGTSSDV 197 FSTNYMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGITSGGG GYGNYVSWYQQLPGTAPKLLIYAVSTRAS RTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMN GIPDRFSGSKSGNTASLTISGLLSEDEAD SLKPEDTALYYCARTDHAWLDAWGQGTL YYCASYRSSNNYVFGGGTKLTVL VTVSS 10A06 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 198 QTVVTQEPSLSVSPGGTVTLTCGLSSGSV 199 FGNYDMSWVRQAPGKGPEWVSDINSGGG TSSNYPAWYQQTPGQAPRALIYSINSRHS STYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNSLLLQMN GVPDRFSGSISGNKAALTITGAQAEDEAD SLKPEDTAVYYCATGYTGYYYWGQGTQV YYCTLYMGTGSNNVVFGGGTHLTVL TVSS 10B02 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRVSCAASGFT 200 QSALTQPPSVSGSPGKTVTISCAGTSSDV 201 FSYHYMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGISAGGG GYGNYVSWYQQLPGMAPKLLIYEVNKRAS RTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMN GITDRFSGSKSGNTAFLTISGLQSEDEAD SLNAEDTALYYCARVHGITNDYWGQGTQ YYCASYRNSNNWVFGGGTHLTVL VTVSS 10D02 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRVSCAASGFT 202 QAVLTQPPSVSGSPGKTVTISCAGTSSDV 203 FSSYYMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGIVTGGG GYGNYVSWYQQLPGMAPKLLIYDVNKRAS RTHYTDSVKGRFTITRDNAKNTLYLQMN GITDRFSGSKSGNTASLTISGLQSEDEAD SLRPEDTALYYCARVNGVVTNYDYWGQG YFCASYRSPNNVVFGQGTHLTVL TQVTVSS 11F02 ELQVVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 204 QTVVTQEPSLSVSPGGTVTLTCGLSSGSV 205 FSTNYMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGITSHGA TSSNYPGWYQQKPGQAPRTLIYNTNSRYS RTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMN GVPNRFSGSISGNKAALTITGAQPEDEAD SLKPEDTALYYCARTDHASLDAWGQGTL YYCALYMGSSSYNTVFGGGTHLTVL VTVSS 11F12 QVQLQESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFT 206 HSAVTQPPSVSGTLGKTVTISCAGTSSDV 207 FSTNYMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGITSGGG GYGNYVSWYQHLPGTAPKLLIYAVSTRAS RTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTLYLQMN GVPDRFSGSKSGNTASLTISGLQSEDEGD SLKPEDTALYYCARTDHAWLDAWGQGTL YYCASYSVRNNVVFGGGTRLTVL VTVSS

TABLE 35 CDR sequences of VHH antibodies binding to galectin-10 VHH  SEQ SEQ SEQ clone CDR1 ID NO: CDR2 ID NO: CDR3 ID NO: 13G12 AYSMG 208 VISWSGGSHYDDSVKG 209 GTLYSFRYRDYDY 210 13H07 TYAMD 211 AISWHSAIYYADAVKG 212 ALRYRFNPSAMEY 213 14F10 GYAVG 214 IISWNGGTHYADSVKG 215 SPKYYFSPETYNY 216 13C06 SYSMG 217 TISWSGGFYYDDSVKG 218 GTRFSFSYREYHY 219 13C07 AYSMA 220 AITWSGGSHHDDSVKG 221 GTLYSFSYRDYDY 222 14E10 PYAMG 223 VISLSGAYTYNVNAVKG 224 SRTYYRTDESTYEY 225 13D12 SYHMM 226 ALAWRGGTYCANSVKG 227 SRRYVFDPSAMDY 228 13A05 SYSMS 229 IISWSGGTYYDDSVKG 230 GTQFSFSYREYDY 23 13C04 TYSMA 232 AITRSGGNTYADSVKG 233 GGTYSFVPRSYNY 234 13E09 SYHMM 226 AIAWRGGTYCANSVKG 235 SLRYVFDPSAMDY 236 14E02 TYSMA 232 AITWAGGYTYGADSEKG 237 GRLFTSQSSAYQY 238 13C10 PYTMG 239 VVSSGGGTYYANSVKG 240 GSIFRWSPMSYDY 24 13E07 SYHMM 226 AIAWRGGTYCANSVKG 235 SLRYVFDPSAMDY 236 13C03 ISRMG 242 IIFSDASTDYADSVKG 243 VLRAAGYGYFNQY 244 13B06 TYSMA 232 AITRSGGNTYADSVKG 233 GGTYSFVPRSYNY 234 1D6 TYAMG 245 AITRAGGNTYNADSVKG 246 GPRYSTISTMFPY 247 15A2 SYSMG 217 TISWSGGNYVDNSVKG 248 GTQFSFSYRQYDY 249

TABLE 36 VHH domain sequences of VHH antibodies binding to galectin-10 SEQ Clone VHH sequence ID NO: 13G12 QLQVVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASSSAYSMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAVISWSGGSHYDDSVKGRF 250 TISRDGAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAVGTLYSFRYRDYDYWGQGTQVTVSS 13H07 QLQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCVASGRTFSTYAMDWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISWHSAIYYADAVKG 251 RFTISRDNGKNTMYLQMNNLKPEDTAVYFCAAALRYRFNPSAMEYWGKGTLVTVSS 14F10 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRTFSGYAVGWFRQAPGKEREFVTIISWNGGTHYADSVKG 252 RFAISRDNAKNTVYLQMNNLKPEDTAVYYCAVSPKYYFSPETYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 13C06 QLQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASSSSYSMGWFRQAPGKEREFVATISWSGGFYYDDSVKGRFT 253 VSRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAGTRFSFSYREYHYWGQGTQVTVSS 13C07 QLQVVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASSSAYSMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAAITWSGGSHHDDSVKGRF 254 TISRDGAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAVGTLYSFSYRDYDYWGQGTQVTVSS 14E10 ELQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASEGTFRPYAMGWFRQAPRKEREFVAVISLSGAYTYNVNAVK 255 GRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLTPEDTAIYYCGASRTYYRTDESTYEYWGQGTQVTVSS 13D12 QLQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGRTFSSYHMMWFRQAPGKEREFVAALAWRGGTYCANSVK 256 GRCTISRDNAQDTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYFCAASRRYVFDPSAMDYWAKGTLVTVSS 13A05 QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASSSSYSMSWFRQAPGKEREFVAIISWSGGTYYDDSVKGRFT 257 VSRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAGTQFSFSYREYDYWGQGTQVTVSS 13C04 ELQVVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSTYSMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAAITRSGGNTYADSVKG 258 RFTISRDNAKNTVTLQMNSLKPEDTAAYHCAAGGTYSFVPRSYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 13E09 QVQVQESGGGLVQAGNSLRLSCAASGRTFSSYHMMWFRQAPGKEREFVAAIAWRGGTYCANSVK 259 GRCTISRDNAKDTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYFCAASLRYVFDPSAMDYWGKGTLVTVSS 14E02 QVQLVESGGGLAQAGGSLRLSCVASGRAAGTYSMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAAITWAGGYTYGADSE 260 KGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYSCAGGRLFTSQSSAYQYWGQGTQVTVSS 13C10 QLQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLKLSCAASGRTFNPYTMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAVVSSGGGTYYANSVK 261 GRFTISRDNAKATVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAGSIFRWSPMSYDYWGQGTQVTVSS 13E07 ELQVVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAVSGRTFSSYHMMWFRQAPGKEREFVAAIAWRGGTYCANSVK 262 GRCTISRDNAKDTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYFCAASLRYVFDPSAMDYWGKGTLVTVSS 13C03 QVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGSIFSISRMGWYRQAPGKQRELVAIIFSDASTDYADSVKGRF 263 TISRSNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCKSVLRAAGYGYFNQYWGQGTQVTVSS 13B06 QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSTYSMAWFRQAPGKEREFVAAITRSGGNTYADSVKG 264 RFTISRDNAKNTVTLQMNSLKPEDTAAYHCAAGGTYSFVPRSYNYWGQGTQVTVSS 1D6 QLQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASENSVSTYAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAITRAGGNTYNADSVK 265 GRFTISRDNAENTIYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYSCAAGPRYSTISTMFPYWGQGTQVTVSS 15A2 QVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGSSYSMGWFRQAPGKEREFVATISWSGGNYVDNSVKGRF 266 TVSRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAGTQFSFSYRQYDYWGQGTQVTVSS

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, all embodiments described herein are considered to be broadly applicable and combinable with any and all other consistent embodiments, as appropriate.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

Various publications are cited in the foregoing description and throughout the following examples, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A method of inhibiting galectin-10 crystal formation in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which specifically binds to human galectin-10, wherein the subject has a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; cystic fibrosis (CF); allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA); Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Thr123, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, and/or Phe135, and wherein the residues are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO:141.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof cross competes for binding to human galectin-10 with an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a variable heavy chain domain (VH) and a variable light chain domain (VL) wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 162, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 161, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 160, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO:
 177. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Thr123, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, and Phe135, and wherein the residues are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO:141.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the subject has asthma.
 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the subject has chronic rhinosinusitis.
 23. A method of reducing the amount of galectin-10 crystals in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which specifically binds to human galectin-10, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Thr123, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, and/or Phe135, and wherein the residues are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO:141.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof cross competes for binding to human galectin-10 with an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL, wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 162, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 161, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 160, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO:
 177. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Thr123, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, and Phe135, and wherein the residues are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO:141.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; CF; ABPA; Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the subject has asthma.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the subject has chronic rhinosinusitis.
 29. A method of inhibiting galectin-10 crystal formation in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which specifically binds to human galectin-10, wherein the subject has a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; CF; ABPA; Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia, and wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof cross competes for binding to human galectin-10 with: (a) an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of: (i) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 14, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 70, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 68; (ii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 17, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 16, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 72, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 71; (iii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 75, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 74, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 73; (iv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 65; (v) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 28, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 27, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 26, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 79; (vi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 31, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 30, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 29, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 81, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 80; (vii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 33, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 32, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 84, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 83, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 82; (viii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 36, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 35, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 34, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 87, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 86, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 85; (ix) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 38, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 11, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 37, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 78, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 88; (x) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 41, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 39, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 91, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 90, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 89; (xi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 162, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 161, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 160, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 177; (xii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 168, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 167, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 166, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 185, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 184, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 183; (xiii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 171, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 170, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 169, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 187, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 186, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180; and (xiv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 176, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 175, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 163, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 192, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 191, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 190; or (b) an antibody comprising a VHH domain comprising the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of: (i) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 210, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 209, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 208; (ii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 213, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 212, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 211; (iii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 216, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 215, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 214; (iv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 219, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 217; (v) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 222, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 221, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 220; (vi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 225, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 224, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 223; (vii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 228, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 227, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (viii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 231, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 230, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 229; (ix) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 234, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (x) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 236, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (xi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 238, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 237, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (xii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 241, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 240, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 239; (xiii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 236, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (xiv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 244, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 243, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 242; (xv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 234, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (xvi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 247, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 246, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 245; and (xvii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 249, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 248, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO:
 217. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the subject has asthma.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the subject has chronic rhinosinusitis.
 32. A method of reducing the amount of galectin-10 crystals in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which specifically binds to human galectin-10, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof cross competes for binding to human galectin-10 with: (a) an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of: (i) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 14, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 70, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 68; (ii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 17, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 16, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 72, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 71; (iii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 75, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 74, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 73; (iv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 65; (v) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 28, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 27, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 26, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 79; (vi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 31, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 30, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 29, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 81, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 80; (vii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 33, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 32, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 84, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 83, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 82; (viii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 36, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 35, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 34, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 87, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 86, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 85; (ix) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 38, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 11, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 37, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 78, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 88; (x) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 41, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 39, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 91, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 90, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 89; (xi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 162, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 161, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 160, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 177; (xii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 168, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 167, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 166, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 185, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 184, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 183; (xiii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 171, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 170, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 169, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 187, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 186, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180; and (xiv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 176, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 175, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 163, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 192, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 191, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 190; or (b) an antibody comprising a VHH domain comprising the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of: (i) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 210, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 209, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 208; (ii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 213, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 212, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 211; (iii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 216, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 215, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 214; (iv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 219, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 217; (v) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 222, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 221, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 220; (vi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 225, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 224, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 223; (vii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 228, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 227, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (viii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 231, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 230, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 229; (ix) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 234, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (x) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 236, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (xi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 238, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 237, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (xii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 241, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 240, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 239; (xiii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 236, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (xiv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 244, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 243, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 242; (xv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 234, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (xvi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 247, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 246, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 245; and (xvii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 249, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 248, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO:
 217. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the subject has a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; CF; ABPA; Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the subject has asthma.
 35. The method of claim 32, wherein the subject has chronic rhinosinusitis.
 36. A method of detecting galectin-10 in a sample obtained from a subject, the method comprising contacting the sample with an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof which specifically binds to human galectin-10, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Thr123, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, and/or Phe135, and wherein the residues are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO:141.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof cross competes for binding to human galectin-10 with an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 162, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 161, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 160, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO:
 177. 38. The method of claim 36, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof binds to an epitope comprising or consisting of Ser2, Leu3, Leu4, Pro5, Pro7, Tyr8, Thr9, Glu10, Ala11, Lys23, Arg25, Met44, Gly86, Gln87, Glu88, Phe89, Glu90, Asn105, Thr123, Gln125, Thr133, Lys134, and Phe135, and wherein the residues are identified with reference to SEQ ID NO:141.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein the sample is mucus, sputum, or tissue from a nasal polyp.
 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; CF; ABPA; Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia.
 41. The method of claim 36, wherein the subject has asthma.
 42. The method of claim 36, wherein the subject has chronic rhinosinusitis.
 43. The method of claim 36, further comprising treating the subject with an antagonist that binds to galectin-10.
 44. A method of detecting galectin-10 in a sample obtained from a subject, the method comprising contacting the sample with: (a) an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a VH and a VL wherein the VH and VL domains comprise the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of: (i) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 2, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 58, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 57, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 56; (ii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 6, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 5, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 61, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 60, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 59; (iii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 9, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 8, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 7, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 64, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 62; (iv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 12, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 11, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 10, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 65; (v) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 15, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 14, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 70, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 69, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 68; (vi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 17, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 16, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 72, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 71; (vii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 20, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 19, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 75, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 74, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 73; (viii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 23, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 22, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 21, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 65; (ix) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 25, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 24, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 78, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 77, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 76; (x) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 28, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 27, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 26, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 67, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 66, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 79; (xi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 31, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 30, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 29, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 81, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 80; (xii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 33, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 32, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 84, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 83, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 82; (xiii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 36, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 35, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 34, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 87, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 86, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 85; (xiv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 38, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 11, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 37, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 78, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 88; (xv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 41, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 39, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 91, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 90, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 89; (xvi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 43, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 42, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 94, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 92; (xvii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 6, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 44, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 97, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 96, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 95; (xviii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 47, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 46, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 45, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 94, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 71; (xix) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 50, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 49, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 48, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 96, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 63, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 95; (xx) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 36, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 52, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 51, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 98, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 97, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 80; (xxi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 55, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 54, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 53, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 81, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 93, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 71; (xxii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 162, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 161, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 160, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 179, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 178, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 177; (xxiii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 165, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 164, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 163, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 182, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 181, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180; (xxiv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 168, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 167, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 166, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 185, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 184, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 183; (xxv) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 171, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 170, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 169, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 187, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 186, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180; (xxvi) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 174, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 173, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 172, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 189, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 188, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180; (xxvii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 176, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 175, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 163, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 192, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 191, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 190; and (xxviii) HCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 165, HCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 164, HCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 163, LCDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 193, LCDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 181, and LCDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 180; or (b) an antibody comprising a VHH domain comprising the CDR sequences selected from the group consisting of: (i) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 210, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 209, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 208; (ii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 213, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 212, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 211; (iii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 216, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 215, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 214; (iv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 219, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 217; (v) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 222, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 221, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 220; (vi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 225, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 224, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 223; (vii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 228, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 227, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (viii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 231, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 230, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 229; (ix) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 234, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (x) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 236, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (xi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 238, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 237, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (xii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 241, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 240, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 239; (xiii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 236, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 226; (xiv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 244, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 243, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 242; (xv) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 234, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 232; (xvi) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 247, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 246, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 245; and (xvii) CDR3 comprising SEQ ID NO: 249, CDR2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 248, and CDR1 comprising SEQ ID NO: 217; and detecting binding of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof to the sample, thereby detecting galectin-10 in the sample.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the sample is mucus, sputum, or tissue from a nasal polyp.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein the subject has or is suspected of having a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; celiac disease; helminth infection; gastrointestinal eosinophilic inflammation; CF; ABPA; Churg-Strauss vasculitis; chronic eosinophilic pneumonia; and acute myeloid leukemia.
 47. The method of claim 44, wherein the subject has asthma.
 48. The method of claim 44, wherein the subject has chronic rhinosinusitis.
 49. The method of claim 44, further comprising treating the subject with an antagonist that binds to galectin-10. 